With close Reference to the Language of Specific Characters Essay Example

With close Reference to the Language of Specific Characters Essay Written by William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy based around the concepts of love and conflict. Within the play, each different character brings with themselves their own unique attitudes towards love, sex and marriage, ranging from the aggressive views of Sampson and Gregory to the passionate and sensitive views of Romeo and Juliet. It is the intention of this essay to explore and analyse the opinions of the main characters in the play, along with how they are presented by Shakespeare. The first characters to be introduced in the play are Sampson and Gregory, an uneducated and violent double-act with an obsession with sex and no thoughts of love or marriage. Being lowly servants of the Capulet family, they speak in prose tainted with rude and aggressive language: Women being the weaker vessels are ever thrust to the wall: therefore I will push Montagues men from the wall, and thrust his maids to the wall (Act One, Scene One, Lines 14-17) We will write a custom essay sample on With close Reference to the Language of Specific Characters specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on With close Reference to the Language of Specific Characters specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on With close Reference to the Language of Specific Characters specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This quote clearly shows that they regard women as being nothing more than sexual objects to be used at ones leisure and then disposed of. The word vessels here implies that women are only suitable to carrying children, again demonstrating to the audience that Sampson and Gregory regard women as being inferior. When the actor delivers his lines, he would emphasise the word thrust in order to convey Sampson and Gregorys vulgar and misogynistic attitude to the uneducated peasantry, who would appreciate the crudeness. In addition, their bawdy and rude sense of humour, which is shown by their phrases Tis known that I am a pretty piece of flesh and my naked weapon is out would have appealed to most of the audience. In direct contrast to Sampson and Gregory is one of the heroes of the play, Romeo, who is of noble status within the Montague family. We observe Romeos attitudes to love changing rather drastically as the play progresses; he goes from being the classic Petrarchan, negative lover to a passionate and soulful one. Before he meets Juliet, the person who inspires this change within him, he talks about his unrequited love for Rosaline (who, incidentally, the audience dont actually see in the play). He describes his love elaborately and excessively, using phrases such as She is too fair, too wise, wisely too fair. The audience think that Romeo is being over-the-top and insincere, a notion thats heightened by his apparently confused views of love, demonstrated by his use of oxymorons: O brawling love, O loving hate, O anything of nothing first create! (Act One, Scene One, Lines 170-171) Not only do these contradictory terms show Romeos inability to think straight, they also show him blinded by his apparent love for Rosaline. However, when Romeo meets Juliet for the first time, he changes from having a negative view of love and being in a state of emotional turmoil to being positive, light and soulful. His language suddenly transforms from a dark and depressing mood into a more lifted one. This becomes apparent to the audience when they hear Romeo say: This holy shrine, the gentle sin is this, My lips, two blushing pilgrims, ready stand To smooth that rough touch with a tender kiss (Act One, Scene Five, Lines 93-95) His language, though no longer overly elaborate, still has some Petrarchan qualities, though Romeo expresses his love positively rather than through depression, which informs the audience that his love is passionate and pure. His description of Juliet as holy shrine suggests that she is his world, his religion, his life, and tender kiss emphasises his caring love for her. Through language such as this, Shakespeare makes clear that Romeo is no longer in love with the idea of being in love (as he was before), but is well and truly in love with Juliet. Although Juliet returns Romeos affections, their views on love and marriage were rather different before they met. Juliet was the classic example of a dutiful daughter, pleased to obey her parents in almost every aspect of life, including love. When Lady Capulet proposes Paris offer to her, Juliet says Ill look to like, if looking liking move But no more deep will I endart mine eye Than your consent gives strength to make it fly (Act One, Scene Three, Lines 98-100) At this point in the play, Juliet is being obedient and is allowing her parents to guide her in the matter of love as they see fit. However, when Juliet meets Romeo, her views change so drastically that she goes against all social norms and proposes marriage herself (an idea that was simply unheard of in Elizabethan culture the man was supposed to propose). Juliet even goes so far as to offer to abandon her family for Romeo (and hence, risk abandonment), making the audience realise that her love for Romeo is greater even than her love for her parents and her life, which serves as a great contrast to the previously shy and dutiful Juliet: Or if thou wilt not, be but sworn my love And Ill no longer be a Capulet. (Act Two, Scene Two, Lines 35-36) Both Romeo and Juliet share a passionate, true love for each other, harbouring no obsessions with sex (unlike Sampson and Gregory). When they meet, they begin to realise just how powerful love can be, and devote themselves to the other. The fourth character to be discussed is the Nurse, of the House of Capulet. She is of low social status, which is reflected in her bawdy (though unaggressive) sense of humour. However, Nurse treats Juliet as her own daughter (something Lady Capulet never did), a fact which is made apparent to the audience when Lady Capulet says Thou knowest my daughter of a pretty age. Also, although Nurse displays a strong parental for Juliet, her views of love are rather superficial, and based upon appearances. A man, young lady! Lady, such a man As all the world Why hes a man of wax (Act One, Scene Three, Lines 76-77) The above quotation (describing Paris) shows that Nurse considers appearances to be of utmost importance; the phrase man of wax implies perfection in looks. She also refers to Paris as a flower and doesnt mention anything about his character when persuading Juliet to marry him. Nurses views on marriage are influenced by fond memories of her late husband God be with his soul and she also says to Juliet: And I might live to see thee married once, I have my wish (Act One, Scene Three, Lines 63-64) This tells the audience that she has positive views on marriage and has a motherly wish to see Juliet married. Furthermore, Nurse uses a lot of sexual innuendo, talking about wormwood on my dung and Juliet falling backward when thou hast more wit. Making such casual remarks in the presence of a person such as Lady Capulet was considered improper in those times, but the Nurses disregard for this also reflects her low social standing. Another pair of characters from Juliets family is Lord and Lady Capulet, who, surprisingly, have contrasting views of love and marriage. Lord Capulet believes that Juliet should be older before she is married, and wants her to choose her husband. Let two more summers wither in their pride, Ere we may think her ripe to be a bride. (Act One, Scene Two, Lines 10-11) The above quote shows that Lord Capulet is quite prepared to wait another few years for Juliet to get married, which is the complete opposite of what Lady Capulet thinks: Well, think of marriage now; younger than you, Here in Verona, ladies of esteem, Are made already mothers. (Act One, Scene Three, Lines 70-72) Lady Capulet clearly has no patience, and wants Juliet to marry Paris straight away. This implies that Juliets father is more loving and protective, while her mother is superficial and uncaring. Furthermore, the views of the two contrast on the point of love too: But woo her, gentle Paris, get her heart My will to her consent is but a part. (Act One, Scene Two, Lines 16-17) This suggestion from Lord Capulet tells us that he wants Juliet to love her husband, and shows that he doesnt really want to impose his own will upon her. Lady Capulet, on the other hand, wants Juliet to marry immediately, so that she can share all that he doth possess and add to the family fortune. The next character to be explored is Mercutio, Romeos best friend. He is of noble status but uses crude and vulgar language in spite of his standing. He has a negative attitude towards love and regards it as a foe that must be beaten down: If love be rough with you, be rough with love. Prick love for pricking, and you beat love down. (Act One, Scene Four, Lines 76-77) However, he displays a strong filial love for Romeo, and his view on love could be influenced by Rosalines harsh treatment of his best friend. Another explanation could be that Mercutio has never experienced love before; therefore he doesnt know how to deal with it properly. His cynical attitude makes Mercutio dismiss Romeos fantasies, because he is supposedly succumbing to the evil powers of love. Another character with a negative view of love is Benvolio, Romeos other friend. When attempting to comfort Romeo, he suggests that he should simply find someone else to replace Rosaline in his affections. Compare her face with some that I shall show, And I will make thee think thy swan a crow. (Act One, Scene Two, Lines 88-89) Within the above quotation, Shakespeare informs us of the superficial attitudes to love and women within Benvolio. The use of the word compare suggests that women are merely objects, and the casual suggestion to replace Rosaline shows Benvolios shallow opinions. However, he does display a strong filial love for Romeo, which is shown when he tries to comfort him over the unrequited love. Even though the advice is not very good (Benvolio has probably never been in love himself), the gesture is still there. He also believes that love seems to be a good thing on the outside but on the inside it is an evil enemy: Alas that Love, so gentle in his view, Should be so tyrannous and rough in proof (Act One, Scene One, Lines 163-164) Contrasting with Benvolio is Tybalt, of the House of Capulet, who displays absolutely no filial love. He despises everyone of the House of Montague and displays a rather fiery personality. It fits when such a villain in a guest: Ill not endure him (Act One, Scene Five, Lines 74-75) This quote referring to Romeo shows that Tybalt cannot stand any Montagues, and his previous order, Fetch me my rapier, boy along with other such statements littered throughout his dialogue suggest that he is very violent and aggressive. Later on in the play, he challenges Romeo to a fight to the death, demonstrating his obsession with his familys honour. The final character to be explored is Friar Lawrence, who, despite having two sons, treats Romeo like one of his children, giving advice and encouragement. He refers to Romeo as good son, which tells the audience of his fatherly feelings. Friar Lawrence doesnt differentiate between the two houses of Capulet and Montague, unlike most of the other characters, and agrees to marry Romeo and Juliet in the hope that it will unite the conflicting families. To conclude, William Shakespeare delivers to us an array of moral values and attitudes to love, sex and marriage in Romeo and Juliet. One of his greatest works, the play expresses the views of all social classes, using marvellous linguistic tools that are unparalleled to this day. The audience are greeted with the violent and aggressive attitudes of Sampson and Gregory, juxtaposed by the passionate and sensitive views of love of Romeo and Juliet. Throughout the play, Shakespeare masterfully weaves humour and sadness, peace and conflict, love and hate, together into an intricate and entertaining plot that will be performed and studies for generations to come.

Critique of Jean-Paul Sartre essays

Critique of Jean-Paul Sartre essays Jean-Paul Sartre has been viewed as both a feminist supporter and a misogynist in his philosophies. In this paper I will argue that Sartre is a supporter of feminism and should be read as such, though examples that he uses of bad faith can and should be read critically. I will show this first by defining a conceptual forefather, and then someone who we should read as a critical/combative critique. Next I will explain Sartres philosophies, including his belief of bad faith. Finally I will address the example that he uses of bad faith that should be critically read (reword). As Linda Singer defines in Erotic Welfare, a conceptual forefather is someone in the history of philosophy who displayed belief in the concepts of feminism before the rise of the feminist movement. It is these views that comprise the foundation of feminism today. This way of reading philosophy is in part done to show that others have already addressed some of what feminists are trying to do today throughout history. (Singer, 168) The other type of reading that Singer talks about is critical/combative critiques. She explains this as reading with the purpose of challenging what the history of philosophy has had to say about women. The history of philosophy is shown to be largely in the self-interest of men, constructing women as inferior, as well as to try to justify an indefensible logic of male privilege by embedding it in codes that lend to these prejudices that force of philosophical legitimacy and authority (Singer, 170). These critiques argue against the ideas of past philosophers that degrade and demoralize women. This helps us to know what needs to be changed, what views need to be revised so that we can have an equal society. Jean-Paul Sartre was an existentialist, which means he believed in existence prior to essence. He was also an atheist, so he did not believe in God. In Sartre&a...

A Detailed Review Of Pink Floyds Album The Dark Side Of The Moon

A Detailed Review Of Pink Floyd's Album The Dark Side Of The Moon Pink Floyd The classic album that I chose is Pink Floyd’s The Dark Side of the Moon. Pink Floyd is a progressive rock band that was formed in 1965. This classic album was released on March 1, 1973. The album contains ten tracks such as: â€Å"Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun,† â€Å"Echoes,† â€Å"Breathe,† â€Å"On the Run,† â€Å"Time,† â€Å"The Great Gig in the Sky,† â€Å"Money,† â€Å"Us and Them,† â€Å"Brain Damage,† and lastly, â€Å"Eclipse.† The band consists of four members. These members are: David Gilmour (vocals and guitar), Nick Mason (percussion and drums), Richard Write (keyboards and organ), and Roger Waters (bass guitar). What I will discuss in this paper is about the many unique aspects it had that made it become such a highly recognized classic album to this day. To give some small background info, originally, Syd Barrett was the native singer before Gilmour. What happened was Barrett became deranged in 1968. After this tragic event occurred. The former members were puzzled on what their next move was going to be. The band then decided to continue their music making, replacing Barrett with Gilmour. Then, The Dark Side of the Moon soon came about. Pink Floyd’s â€Å"groove† was then described as â€Å"glacial† and â€Å"space-rock† by David Fricke, a senior editor for the Rolling Stones Magazine (Degrunwald, Smith, Longfellow, 2003). According to The Rolling Stone’s website, at the beginning of Pink Floyds career, they refined a â€Å"psychedelic sound, performing long, loud suite like compositions that touched on hard rock†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Rollingstone.com, â€Å"Pink Floyd Biography†). they then began to progress to using a â€Å"azimuth coordinated sound system†¦themes were unremittingly bleaka lienation, paranoia†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Rolling stone.com, â€Å"Pink Floyd Biography†). After more albums were released, tension between Wright and Waters increased, therefore, Wright left the band. Soon after, Waters too, left leaving Gilmour and Mason. The members then started releasing solo albums. Years after, Pink Floyd was then again reunited (excluding Waters) on July 2, 2005 for a global Live 8 performance (Rollingstone.com, â€Å"Pink Floyd Biography†). As The Dark Side of the Moon is a highly successful album, it is not their first album. Rather, this album appears on Pink Floyd’s discography as the 9th album. The previous albums recorded are: 1. The Piper at the Gates of Dawn (1967), 2. A Saucerful of Secrets (1968), 3. More (1969), 4. Ummagumma (1969), 5. Atom Heart Mother (1970), 6. Relics (1971), 7. Meddle (1971), 8. Obscured by Clouds (1972), 9. The Dark side of the Moon and then the album preceding DSOTM would be 10. Wish You Were Here (1975). To make such an incredible album, Pink Floyd’s members experimented with many auditory techniques. Two techniques that were constantly used were echoes and double tracking vocals. This was to give off a psychedelic vibe towards the listener. They also used several sound effects such as futuristic vehicle noises, footsteps, and heartbeats. Pink Floyds exploration of sounds made the albums songs’ have various tricks within each song, giving them all distinctive traits. Another interesting thing about this album is the background about it itself. According to Roger Waters in the documentary, â€Å"The Making of The Dark Side of the Moon†, â€Å"The Dark Side of the Moon was an expression of political, philosophical, humanitarian empathy that was desperate to get out† (Degrunwald, Smith, Longfellow, 2003). Waters also expressed how the themes that can be applied to the album are â€Å"insanity, death, empathy, and greed†. This shows how it also gave off a message. The sleeve album sleeve designer, Storm Thorgerson, described his inspiration for the design was based off on three assets. First, the lightshow the band created during their concerts. Second, the themes of the lyrics, which he perceived as greed and ambition. And, third, it was an answer to Richard Wright’s request of wanting a â€Å"simple, bold and dramatic† design. When the design was shown to the members, they all immediately chose the one they used for the album. This record had such an enormous influence on both the band and the people around the world.

Priory Dental Surgery Appointment Booking System Coursework

Priory Dental Surgery Appointment Booking System - Coursework Example The actors in this case were the Dentists, Patients, Receptionist and the Manager. The second step in this task was to identify the use cases, these are the actions done by the actors. They are identified with the phrases that start with verbs or those that indicate actions being performed by actors. It was observed that one actor can have one or more use cases depending on their role with the PDS. A phrase such as â€Å"arrange patients’ booking† is identified as a use case. From this exercise it was observed that it is important to match the actors with their uses case while design the use case diagram. Associations of actors and use cases is therefore important. Use cases also have extended relationship where one use case depends on the other use case within the system. Tutorial two : Use Case Descriptions The second task was to describe the use case. This entails providing steps and responses between the system and the actor. What does an actor require to have in or der to accomplish a given task? The description also shows the main steps the actor will take in doing a given action (use case). The task in step 2 demonstrated how one can describe a use case using a table. The task involved how a receptionist could change a given appointment. The receptionist must be able to check into the system the previous appointment allocation then see if there is a time slot in the next proposed time by the patient. In checking the next free slot, factors such as the availability of the Dentist is important if he is available is it the same time as one proposed by the patient? If this conditions are not met the receptionist fails to book appointment for the patient and such feedback is given by the system. Otherwise, the receptionist will print the appointment confirmation or email it to the patient. Unlike making appointment where there are extensions, changing of the appointment does not have any extensions or views. Views means checking other use cases t o see if the action you are performing is valid or viable. For instance the receptionist must view patient to ensure that that patient does not have another appointment. Tutorial three: Analysis/Conceptual Class Diagram A class in system design is something that the system needs to store information about. In any scenario they are or case study such as PDS classes are known by identifying nouns. A class diagram is a rectangular shape that contains the name of the class, the operations and methods used by the system to retrieve or store information about the class. It was learnt that class names are in singular forms and only nouns are used not verbs. In exercise one, I was able to identify classes as; Appointment, Dentist and Patient. Exercise two required attributes and operations of the identified classes. Attributes can be said to be characteristics or information that the system will store about the class. Appointment could have the time and date of appointment as attributes whi le operations are the activities or actions that the system will perform to access or store information about the use case such as checking the free time for appointment. I learnt that attributes are written below the case name with a minus sign(-) at the beginning of the attribute while a plus sign (+)for operations that come below attributes in a class diagram. Exercise five combined all the classes to show how there are associated and their dependencies outlined. It shows that a system is a single unit with many

Should Convicted Felons Have The Right to Vote Assignment

Should Convicted Felons Have The Right to Vote - Assignment Example It is the duty of the society to halt the downward march to destruction and inspire one to the upward march of moral elevation to make one a worthy individual and citizen. The conclusion is obvious. The convicted felons need to be given the right to vote. Most of the crimes are generally committed at the spur of the moment, when one loses the balance of mind. He suffers through the period of conviction and the prison has never been a pleasant place for any individual, notwithstanding the amenities provided. â€Å"The legal authority of a State to revoke an inmate’s voting rights is based upon the Fourteenth Amendment. State laws on allowing convicted felons to participate in elections vary widely. Forty-eight states deny the vote to at least some felons; only Vermont and Maine let felons vote. Thirty-three states withhold the right to vote from those on parole. Eight deny felons the vote for life, unless they petition to have their rights restored, such as Alabama and Florida. New Jersey and Connecticut allow former felons to vote once they have completed parole. Nationally, about 4.2 million convicted felons cannot vote.†(Stukes, 2010) A straightforward answer cannot be provided to the question whether the convicted felons need to be given the right to vote. The immediate reaction is what sort of a felon? All felons are not alike and the gravity of their crimes is not alike. The 14th amendment specifically permits states to disfranchise citizens convicted of participation in rebellion, or other crime. How an enemy of the country be given the right to vote? Legally, the federal government may not infringe upon the authority of the state to give and not to give the voting rights to prison inmates and former felons. The spirit of the American Constitution is, it swears by democracy. But party politics has engulfed the issue to a great extent. This appeals to the Democrats because a large number of felons are African-Americans, the

Connecticut Yankee in King Arthurs Court (Book Report) Essay Example for Free

Connecticut Yankee in King Arthurs Court (Book Report) Essay Mark Twain is often thought of as the most cynical writer in American literature. A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthurs Court is perhaps one of greatest works. In this amusing story, Twain takes an American entrepreneur from his own day and age, and thrusts him back to the age of King Arthur. The novel is therefore about how a nineteenth-century American industrialist might act if he found himself in medieval England. Mark Twain sees the Industrial Age in which he lived as a rabid attempt to exploit everyone and everything. And, thats exactly what Hank Morgan, also known as the â€Å"Boss†, does when he gets to Camelot. Hank uses science and technology to exploit Camelot. Threatened with execution, Hank remembers that an eclipse is supposed to occur in the near future, and he uses this knowledge to convince King Arthur and the rest of Camelot that Hank is a stronger magician than Merlin. Once Hank gains King Arthurs trust, he is able to do whatever he wants with Camelot and its people. Hank quickly goes about improving Camelot with industries and technologies that are common to nineteenth-century America. One of his schemes is to invent soap and making it available to all of the people of Camelot (since the people didn’t bathe as frequently in the third-century as they did in the nineteenth). Hank is appalled at how much power that the Established Church has over the people. So he decides that the people need to be educated, which will, naturally, weaken the churchs hold. Of course, being an entrepreneur at heart, Hank cant help but look on Camelot as an opportunity for exploiting people with his superior knowledge. In a very memorable scene, Hank describes the religious devotions of many of the monks of the time as, a monk who expresses his devotion to God by bowing over and over again, all day long, without stopping. Rather than being impressed by the monks passionate display of faith, Hank notes the astounding amount of energy the monk puts out every day. Not to see this wasted, he hooks up a sewing machine to the monk, using his bowing motions to run the machine. In this manner Hank manufactures and sells garments as religious souvenirs, and tells the readerwith not a little satisfactionabout the wild success of these garments. Beyond Twains customary critiques on slavery and religion, the book also  offers a somewhat different brand of cynicism Twains critique of science and progress. When Hank Morgan arrives in Camelot, it is a fairy-tale city that has long represented both nobility and weaknesses. Then, in his quest to improve the city, he destroys it. Everything that defines the time from the smelly, unwashed people to their superstitions and religious fervor is exploited in the name of progress. Here, then, we see Hank Morgan as an expression of Twains dislike with the value of modern progress.

mass commication and how it affects todays youth Essay examples -- ess

From Eminem’s hardcore explicit lyrics, to Lil Kim’s outrageous outfits to the late Tupac Shakur’s â€Å"thug life† image, the rap subculture has been under a lot of speculation. Many rappers lyrics contain violent messages that parents fear are encouraging youth to become violent. The media has a field day covering protests against rappers, such as Eminem about their explicit lyrics towards gays, women and their promotion of violence. The main concern is how rap is influencing today, particularly towards the youth community, and the answer can be found in the media. There are a lot of articles, books, movies and documentaries written and produced each year with hip-hop being the main subject. This great plethora of media not only affects the youth but other people as well. However, one needs to understand how the rap culture got started, and why the media found it interesting enough to give it a substantial amount of coverage.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to Webster, rap is rhythmic chanting of usually rhyming couplets to a musical accompaniment (Webster, 607). The rap subculture began in the African community residing in the Bronx during the 70’s with rappers free styling—when artists rhyme without memorization or writing down lyrics—in the park, on street corners and in apartment basements (Watkins, 63). This was a harmless way of determining who the best lyricist was. At the time artists such as Arrested Development made lyrics that sent a positive message to the African community. The group’s songs address topics ranging from homelessness to the search for spirituality and African Americans’ connection with Africa. Through their positive influence they received â€Å"Best New Artist† and â€Å"Best Rap Artist† during the 1993 Grammy Awards (Boyd, 44). During its birth, this subculture produced many other cultures such as graffiti art, break dancing and most notably rap music. This subculture was very expressive and paved the way for latter cultures’ success. In his book, Fight the Power, Chuck D (a member of rap group Public Enemy) states, â€Å"Hip hop is a subculture of Black culture. It’s another term for Black creativity. Rap music is here to stay because it’s vocal over music, and as the music changes the vocals can remain the same because it’s one of the few live vocal styles ever used for recording music† (p.g. 248). He was right because as the 80’s wer... ...l Publishing. 1998 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  S. Craig Watkins, 1998. â€Å"Balck Youth and the Ironies of Capitalism.† In Representing Hip-Hop Culture and the Production of Black Cinema. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nelson George, Hip Hop America. New York: Penguin Books, 1998 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Heru Ptah. A Hip Hop Story. New York: Pocket Books, 2002 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  8 Mile, starring Eminem and Malik Phieffer 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Brown Sugar staring Sanaa Lathan and Taye Diggs 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Clarence Lusane. 1993 â€Å"Rap, race and politics.†. Black America: The Street and the Campus. Special Issue of Reace and Class: 35:1. 9.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tricia Rose. Never Trust, 1996 page 60 10.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Todd Boyd. 1994. â€Å"Check Yo Self before you Wreck Yo Self:: Variations on a Political Theme in Rap Music and Popular Culture.† Public Culture. 7:1. 11.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Connie Buck. 7 July 1991. â€Å"The Takedown of Tupac.† The New Yorker 12.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Randall Sullivan. 7 June 2001. â€Å"The Murder of the Notorious BIG.† Rolling Stone.

Organizational metaphor Essay

What is a metaphor? Metaphor (met-uh-fawr, -fer) a figure of speech in which a term or phrase is applied to something to which it is not literally applicable in order to suggest a resemblance. In organizational behaviour, the metaphors help people understand all we need to know about an organization. Gareth Morgan proposed near in 80 ´s, the eight metaphors of organizations to explain the organization problems. The two most important metaphors he proposed, are the organizations as machines and the organizations as brains. The first metaphor that he proposed, allowed us to understand the organizations as machines. Since Descartes the metaphor of the machine has entered the scientific thought. This philosopher say the human body is liked to a later machine. Then the industrial revolution take this philosophy as part of the shift. Later Gareth Morgan sense that organizations are like machines, its means they require high levels of efficiency in the same way as the machines require high levels of efficiency to operate correctly. All organizations require maintenance, to keep them running without difficulty and propitiously, similar to machines, that require maintenance to keep them running productively. Organizations are like machines because when individuals talk to one another about an organization or a machine they communicate using many of the same words to describe the organization or the machine. The second one is organization as an organism. The comparison of the organization with an organization concept from biology, aims to underline the dynamic character of the former, subject to constant change. These changes take on a vital aspect for survival and effectiveness. Consequently, the employees have needs that must be satisfied for them to function well. According to the population ecology view, some organisations depend on resources to survive for which they have to compete with other  organisations. Unlike what we observed in the metaphor of the machine, which highlights here is not a static, controlled, focusing on their physical structure. The third is the organization as a brain. Like the brains, thee organization learn, processes information, create, and have decision making. So talk about the organization as a brain, refers to the fact that organization is made up of a central department. That minds, all decisions are made solely by the central control, and other agencies have the task of carrying out the requests made by the leader or brain. Organizations as a cultures. Culture (kÊÅ'ltÊÆ'É™r) from Latin: cultura, cultivation. When we are talking about culture, we are concerning for the developing models, reproduced in a society model, formed by knowledge, ideologies values and laws. Comparable to the society, the organizations are affected by the rules and ethics codes, appropriated for all situations. These facts were named by Representation and agreement. Organization as autocracy (Political system) In a system that rewards progressing, and punishes the faults; employees are encouraged to hide the failures of the system to protect themselves â€Å"letting sleeping dogs lie† and saying bosses exactly what they want to hear. The only freedom they have is the option to quit and move on. Conflict occurs when there are opposing interests and is probably always present in all organisations. The political view of organisation shows that politics is inevitable in organisations and all organisational activity is based on self-interest. It explodes the myth that organisations are rational, it helps to find ways to overcome the limitations of the notion that organisations are integrated systems, and it gets us to recognise socio-political implications of different organisations and their roles in society. The danger of this view is that it can increase the politicisation of organisations. (anonymous, 2014) Organizations as psychic prisons. Nominalism may refer to a position that denies the existence of universal entities or objects, but accepts that particular objects or entities exist. Plato conceives a man with a dual reality, body and soul, which considers the idea of ​​the material and the immaterial or spiritual as opposites. The model of psychic prison metaphor is used to examine some of the ways organizations and their member’s become trapped by constructions of reality that give an important understanding about the world. The transformative organizations. These organizations emphasizes three different logics: organizations as self-producing systems, as results circular-flows and the product of dialectical movements. Instruments of domination. These kind of organizations used the staff for their own purposes. So  ¿What do we know about the organizational metaphors? (Morgan, 1980). Metaphor plays a symbolic role, for the organizational analysis, just like that, creates a set of meanings essential for the process of human appreciation, social, psychological and cultural. Referencias anonymous. (31 de 08 de 2014). Obtenido de http://www.systems-thinking.ca/myfiles/GarethMorgan.pdf balniev. (31 de 08 de 2014). http://es.scribd.com/. Obtenido de http://es.scribd.com/doc/61657954/Metafora-Organizacion-Como-Cultura-Morgan sarahysigie. (31 de 08 de 2014). http://sarahysigie.blogspot.mx/. Obtenido de http://sarahysigie.blogspot.mx/2009/09/clasificacion-de-las-organizaciones.html

Development, an Impetus to Urbanization Essay

New ways of thinking about government, science, economics, and religion had brought many changes to America by the eighteenth century. Concern for individual freedoms became so strong that it led to revolution in many lands. In Britain’s American colonies, revolution brought the establishment of a new nation, the United States. In the spring of 1775 few Americans, angry as they were, favored separation from Britain. Support for independence grew over the next six months as fighting continued and the colonists debated the issue. The Americans had declared their independence but still had to win it. They had capable leaders and were strengthened by their dedication to the cause of liberty. The Americans emerged victorious from the Revolutionary War and adopted a plan of government that became a model for other nations (Hinkle, 1994). Since then, modernization and urbanization became the twin paradigms of â€Å"pop culture† from that point on in America. For approximately two hundred years, people in the United States have been wandering towards the fringes in the hunt for reasonably priced domestic shelter, rural community conviviality, and well-preserved and intact nature only to learn that their verdant new neighborhoods are a component of the emergent metropolitan stretch. Modernization describes the process by which a society moves from traditional or pre-industrial social and economic arrangements to those characteristics of industrial societies. Implicit in the notion of modernization is the assumption that there is basically one predominant course of development, namely industrialization and urbanization which were followed by America (Todaro, 1981). This capitalistic and industrially advanced commerce became the impetus of urbanization in America. The relocation of the new technologies furnished the United States its first manufacturing plants, large-scale mills that incorporated spinning and knitting technology in a single factory. As workers drifted into the metropolis in the hunt for employment in the factories, the factory scheme was mainly accountable for the materialization of the urbanized city (Harris and Todaro, 1970). The development of dramatic socioeconomic modifications brought about when wide-ranging automation of assembly systems led to a swing from domestic hand manufacturing to across-the-board factory manufacture. The Industrial Revolution has transformed the visage of nations, creating metropolitan centers involving substantial urban services (Brody, 1989). Viewed in this manner, modernization entails a pattern of convergence as societies become increasingly and inevitably urban, industry comes to overshadow agriculture, the division of capitalistic labor becomes more specialized, colonialism gained a new meaning, and the size and density of the population increase with immigrants coming in from every point in the world (Cohen, 2004). Initially, inhabitants have sought commune, dwelling, and conserved environment in suburbia. People have continuously hankered after sighting their conurbations as human constructions built as one piece. Developers have taken pleasure in a range of imaginings, aiming for revenues from economies of scale and enlarged suburban crowdedness, while swaying opinion on municipal and federal administration to diminish the peril of real estate conjecture (Loomis and Beegle, 1950). Enclosing all environmental hullabaloos in addition to the intricacies of social stratum, ethnicity, and sexual category, several speculate how we mull over the communes Americans construct and make their homes in (Newman, 2006). It is apparent that population size and composition have a great composition have a great many ramifications for all phases of social life. The distribution of a population in space also assumes critical significance. The â€Å"where† may be an area as large as a continent or as small as a city block. Between these extremes are world regions, nations, national regions, states, cities and rural areas. Changes in the number and proportion of people living in various areas are the cumulative effect of differences in fertility, mortality, and net migration (Walls, 2004). One of the most significant developments in human history has been the development of cities. Although many of us take cities for granted, they are one of the most striking features of our modern era. A city is a relatively dense and permanent concentration of people who secure their livelihood chiefly through non-agricultural activities. The influence of the urban mode of life extends far beyond the immediate confines of a city’s boundaries. Many of the characteristics of modern societies, including problems, derive from an urban existence (Cohen, 2004). Urbanization has proceeded quite rapidly during the past two centuries. In 1800 there were fewer than fifty cities in the world with 100,000 or more population. And by 1900, only one in twenty earthlings lived in a city with a population of at least 100,000. Today. One in five people lives in a center with at least 100,000 people (Montgomery, et al. , 2004). Several of the spatial standards and social prospects of the 1800s and early 1900s hang about up till now, layers entwined in protocols, recollection, and experience, in addition to the metaphors of popular culture and the proclamations of draftsmen and urban developers. In the first part of the 1800s, inhabitants, pattern book authors, and engineers created long-term principles of quixotic houses established in picturesque landscape peopled by elite, private neighborhoods (Loomis and Beegle, 1950). Prevalent since the 1840s, the philosophy of female domesticity was married to a trend of mannish home occupancy, stretched out to subsume plebeian males three decades later. Communitarian activities started to have some bearing on draftsmen, landscapers, and engineers, a class of reformers on the up understood they may possibly fashion a transformative societal construction at the outer reaches of the metropolis (Kivisto, 2001). Picturesque enclaves began round about 1850. All over this time, the American suburban abode had turned out to be a private utopia, taking the place of the archetypal town which had taken on a range of Americans’ hopes a thousand years earlier (Satterthwaite, 2005). Nevertheless, it is time to revamp every layer in the discrete metropolitan terrain, and contemplate how to take in hand each variety, keeping in mind that property holder subsidies, developer subventions, and metropolitan services have been dispersed disproportionately over the decades and certain greater impartiality is looked-for. The long-standing enclaves may necessitate conservation, but aid should be rendered in exchange for communal access and construal of their privileged parks and natural terrains (Harris and Fabricius, 1996). New-fangled proposals for picturesque enclaves, such as Llewellyn Park, New Jersey, laid emphasis to communal open area and advanced joint public life (Satterthwaite, 2005). One communitarian community in Mount Vernon, New York, exerted a pull on roughly three-hundred families by putting forward fortification against the biased power and weight of capital; others urbanized model settlements to advance women’s repute through collective services and industrial sustenance (Alexander, et al. , 2004). Most early urban communities were city-states, and many modern nations have evolved from them. Even where the nation became large in both size and land area, the city has remained the focus for political and economic activities, and the core and magnet of much social life. To people of other nations, the city often represents the nation, and this tradition survives in the modern use of a city, such as Washington, London, and Moscow, as a synonym for a nation (Beauchemin and Bocquier, 2004). Industrial-urban centers typically been geographically scattered, and although dominating their hinterlands, have had only tenuous economic and social relations with them. More recently, metropolitan cities have emerged. This phase in urban development does not represent a sharp break with the industrial-urban tradition, but rather a widening and deepening of urban influences in every area of social life. Increasingly cities have become woven into an integrated network (Cohen, 2004). The technological base for the metropolitan phase of urbanism is found in the tremendous increase in the application of science to industry, the widespread use of electric power (freeing industry from the limitations associated with steam and belt-and-pulley modes of power), and the advent of modern forms of transportation (the automobile and rapid transit systems have released cities from the limitations associated with foot and hoof travel, which had more or less restricted growth to a radius of 3 miles from the center) (Todaro, 1981). Steam and belt-and-pulley power techniques had produced great congestion in urban areas by the beginning of the twentieth century. But a number of factors have increasingly come to the foreground and bucked earlier centripetal pressures, including rising city taxes, increased land values, traffic and transportation problems, and decaying and obsolescent inner zones. These and other forces have accelerated the centrifugal movement made technologically possible by electric power, rapid transit, the automobile, and the telephone (Harris, 1988). The result has been the development of satellite and suburban areas, broad, ballooning urban lands linked by beltways that constitute cities in their own right. In population, jobs, investment, construction, and chopping facilities, they rival the old inner cities. They are the sites of industrial plants, corporate offices and office towers, fine stores, independent newspapers, theaters, restaurants, superhotels, and big-league stadiums (Montgomery, et al. , 2004). A good deal of the sociological enterprise is directed toward identifying recurrent and stable patterns in people’s social interactions and relationships. In like fashion, sociologists are interested in understanding how people order their relationship and conduct their activities in space. They provide a number of models that attempt to capture the ecological patterns and structures of city growth (Newman, 2006). In the period between World Wars I and II, sociologists at the University of Chicago viewed Chicago as a social laboratory and subjected it to intensive study. The concentric circle model enjoyed a prominent place in much of this work. The Chicago group held that the modern city assumes a pattern of concentric circles, each with distinctive characteristics. At the center of the city, the central business district, are retail stores, financial institutions, hotels, theaters, and businesses that cater to the needs of downtown shoppers. Surrounding the central business district is an area of residential deterioration caused by the encroachment of business and industry, the zone in transition (Loomis and Beegle, 1950). In earlier days, thee neighborhoods had contained the pretentious homes of wealthy and prominent citizens. In later years they became slum areas and havens for marginal business establishments (pawnshops, secondhand stores, and modest taverns and restaurants). The zone in transition shades into the zone of workingmen’s homes that contain two-flats, old single dwellings, and inexpensive apartments inhabited largely by blue-collar workers. Beyond the zone occupied by the working class are residential zones composed primarily of small business proprietors, professional people, and managerial personnel. Finally, out beyond the area containing the more affluent neighborhoods is a ring of encircling small cities, towns, and hamlets, the commuters’ zone (Harris and Fabricius, 1996). The Chicago group viewed these zones as ideal types, since in practice no city conforms entirely to the scheme. For instance, Chicago borders on Lake Michigan, so that a concentric semicircular rather than a circular arrangement holds. Moreover, critics point out that the approach is less descriptive of today’s cities than cities at the turn of the twentieth century. And apparently some cities such as New Haven have never approximated the concentric circle patterns. Likewise, cities in Latin America, Asia, and Africa exhibit less specialization in land use than do those in the United States (Montgomery, et al. , 2004). Homer Hoyt has portrayed large cities as made up of a number of sectors rather than concentric circles, the sector model. Low-rent districts often assume a wedge shape and extend from the center of the city to its periphery. In contrast, as a city grows, high-rent areas move outward, although remaining in the same sector. Districts within a sector that are abandoned by upper-income groups become obsolete and deteriorate (Satterthwaite, 2005). Thus, rather than forming a concentric zone around the periphery of the city, Hoyt contends that the high-rent areas typically locate on the outer edge of a few sectors. Furthermore, industrial areas evolve along river valleys, watercourses, and railroad lines, rather than forming a concentric circle around the central business district. But like the concentric circle model, the sector model does not fit a good many urban communities, including Boston (Loomis and Beegle, 1950). Another model, the multiple nuclei model, depicts the city as having not one center, but several. Each center specializes in some activity and gives its distinctive cast to the surrounding area. For example, the downtown business district has as its focus commercial and financial activities. Other centers include the bright lights (theater and recreation) area, automobile row, a government center, a whole-sailing center, a heavy manufacturing district, and a medical complex. Multiple centers evolve for a number of reasons (Loomis and Beegle, 1950). First, certain activities require specialized facilities, for instance, the retail district needs to be accessible to all parts of the city; the port district requires suitable waterfront; and a manufacturing district dictates that a large block of land be available near water or rail connections. Second, similar activities often benefit from being clustered together. For instance, a retail district profits by drawing customers for a variety of shops. Third, dissimilar activities are often antagonistic to one another. For example, affluent residential development tends to be incompatible with industrial development (Dentler, 2002). And finally, some activities cannot afford high-rent areas and hence locate in low-rent districts; for instance, bulk wholesaling and storage. The multiple nuclei model is less helpful in discovering universal spatial patterns in all cities than in describing the unique patterns peculiar to particular communities (Todaro, 1981). Structure-function approaches help us to partition social life into discrete structures, including statuses and neighborhoods. They allow us to place a handle on the fluid quality of life so that we may grasp, describe, and analyze it, making it understandable and intelligible. But as many conflict and symbolic interactionist theorists emphasize, the dichotomy between structure and process gives birth to problems that are frequently unnecessary. For one thing, the dichotomy produces difficulty in handling change. Indeed, the word change itself is saturated with certain non-process connotations, implying a shift from one static and relatively stable to another (Loomis and Beegle, 1950). Most of the some of the United States are not necessarily one hundred per cent Americans. This is the result of the continuous social change that has taken place in the metropolitan cities over the past decades. Some cities have especially undergone a vivid transition from rural community to a modern suburb. Language, culture, religion, and ethnic heritage reinforce people’s sense of belonging. These are the bonds out of which will be created new communities. Some people insist that the forces that are making the world into a single economy have separated people from longstanding identities and have, at the same time, weakened nation-state (Davies, 2005). The everyday life of the rural people is uncomplicated and less complex than that of the urban inhabitants, and the rural resident are inclined to keep more of the speech patterns and traditions of their characteristic racial backgrounds (Cohen, 2004). A foremost setback in living in a highly developed city is the high cost of living, owing largely to the continent’s empowered economy (Dentler, 2002). Once, most part of the continent had heavily relied on imports. Transportation expenses were incorporated in the prices of the majority of consumer merchandise. As the residents number rise, housing grows more and more hard to obtain, and it is excessively high-priced when proportionate to housing costs in several of the mainland states. Building materials, nearly all of which are brought in from outside the country, are costly. Residential settlement is limited and expensive, given that much of the land is in possession of corporations and trusts (Harris and Todaro, 1970). Pains have been taken through legislation to correct this state of affairs. Thoroughly-designed housing situated in communities, in which the single-family home yield to high-rise, high-density houses and townhouses and apartment complexes, has become one solution to the lack and cost related to urban housing (Hayden, 2004). Urban settlement some time ago comprised more or less completely of single-family quarters, individual business buildings and stores, small bazaars, and three- or four-story inns. With the upsurge of inhabitants and vacationers since the early part of the 20th century, on the other hand, American states have built increasingly high-rise apartment building houses, hotels, and commercial establishments, with the conventional individual shopkeepers becoming wrapped up into the sets of buildings of shopping centers and supermarkets (Loomis and Beegle, 1950). Urban cities are where the majority of Americans reside at the present. It is the governing American edifying landscape, amalgamating esteemed natural and manufactured ecosystems, lots and single domestic houses. Urban cities are where a massive space of profit-making and residential landed property are bankrolled and erected. It is the locality of most of the charitable toil of fostering and parenting, mirroring both societal and ecological customs. Lastly, urbanized cities are where the large American body of voters live today (Alexander, et al. , 2004). References Alexander, Jeffrey C. , Gary T. Marx, and Christine L. Williams. (2004). Self, Social Structure, and Beliefs: Explorations in Sociology. University of California Press. Beauchemin, Cris and Philippe Bocquier, 2004, â€Å"Migration and Urbanization in Francophone West. Brody, David, 1989, â€Å"Labor History, Industrial Relations, and the Crisis of American Labor. † Industrial & Labor Relations Review. Cohen, Barney, 2004, â€Å"Urban Growth In Developing Countries: A Review Of Current Trends And A Caution Regarding Existing Forecasts†, World Development, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 23-51. Davies, Adam, 2005, â€Å"Migration, Development And Poverty. Towards And New Framework Of Impact Assessment†, Unpublished Dissertation, MSc Development Administration and Planning, Development Planning Unit, UCL, London. Dentler, Robert A. , 2002, Practicing Sociology: Selected Fields. Praeger. Harris, John R. and Michael P. Todaro, 1970, â€Å"Migration, Unemployment And Development: A Two-Sector Analysis†, The American Economic Review, Vol. 60, No. 1, pp. 126-142. Harris, Nigel, 1988, â€Å"Economic Development and Urbanization †, Habitat International, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 5-15. Harris, Nigel and Ida Fabricius (eds. ), 1996, Cities and Structural Adjustment, UCL Press, London. Hayden, Dolores, 2004, Building Suburbia: Green Fields and Urban Growth, 1820-2000. Vintage Books. Hinkle, Gisela J. , 1994, The Development of Modern Sociology: Its Nature and Growth in the United States. Random House. Kivisto, Peter, 2001, Illuminating Social Life. California: Pine Forge Press. Loomis, Charles P. , and J. Allan Beegle, 1950, Urban Social Systems: A Textbook in Urban Sociology and Anthropology. Prentice Hall. Montgomery, Mark R. et al. , 2004, Cities Transformed. Demographic Change and its Implications in the Developing World, Earthscan, London. Newman, Peter, 2006, â€Å"The Environmental Impact Of Cities†, Environment and Urbanization, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 275-295. Satterthwaite, David, 2005, â€Å"The Scale Of Urban Change Worldwide 1950-2000 And Its Underpinnings†, Human Settlements Discussion Paper Series Urban Change No. 1, IIED, London. Todaro, M. , 1981, â€Å"Rural To Urban Migration: Theory And Policy†, in Todaro, M. , Economics for a Developing World, Macmillan, London. Walls, Michael, 2004, â€Å"Facts And Figures On Rural And Urban Change†, Report to DFID, Development Planning Unit, UCL.

gel electrophoresis Essays

gel electrophoresis Essays gel electrophoresis Essay gel electrophoresis Essay Two dimensional gel cataphoresis Purification and finding of the size of the constituent can be done by SDS-PAGE Size exclusion High-Performance Liquid Chromatography MAb-46 in the 2nd phial used to place the active constituents of proteins present in the first vial. MAb-46 a monoclonal antibody ( MAb-46-1 ) specifically recognizes a 46 kDa protein. Pig or rat cerebellar membrane protein besides immunoprecipitated by MAb-46-1. Biological check in the 3rd phial used to assay these constituents by ELISA technique. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent check is a biochemical technique majorly used in immunology to descry the happening of an Ab or an Ag in a given sample. In order to place the protein sample we came up with Edman debasement technique, through which we can test what type of protein is present in that sample. After everything else we traced that our sample has four types of proteins in it. The designation of the protein sequence utilizing blast: : For comparing primary biological sequence information Basic Local Alignment Search Tool ( BLAST ) will be used. Through BLAST we can able to compare aminic acerb sequences of different proteins or bases of DNA sequences. BLAST compares the question sequence with the database in the library and it identifies the matching between them. The BLAST consequences as follows: Protein sequences bring forthing important alliance Mark E value Protective antigen precursor [ Bacillus anthracis ] 79.3 9e-14 Protective antigen [ Bacillus anthracis str. ] 79.3 9e-14 Protective antigen [ Bacillus anthracis str. ] 79.3 1e-13 Conjectural protein pxo1_110 [ Bacillus anthracis ] 79.3 1e-13 Pag protein [ Bacillus anthracis ] 79.3 1e-13 Mark: It s quantitative estimation of the similarity of aligned protein sequence or section of sequence. Scoring matrixes viz. BLOSUM62, BLAST calculates the figure or residues that are, Identical: all indistinguishable residues are given a positive mark. Substituted: all residues substituted with similar residue are given positive mark and all residues substituted with dissimilar residue are given a negative mark. Inserted or Deleted: all inserted or deleted residues are given a negative mark. Blosum62: BLOSUM62 uses all blocks whose members shared at least 62 % with any other member of that block were averaged and represented as a 1 sequence. Here is the BLOSUM62 matrix. E-value ( anticipate value ) : It s the likeliness that an alliance with the same mark or higher could be due to opportunity. Highly important vitamin E values are really near to zero. Based on the Mark and E-value we came to a decision that the sample protein is protective precursor antigen of Bacillus anthracis. Bacillus anthracis: Fig-Gram-positive splenic fever bacteriums ( violet rods ) in cerebrospinal fluid sample. The splenic fever toxin consists of three distinguishable antigenic constituents. Each of the toxins is heat stable with molecular weight of app. 80kDa. Factor I is indispensable for production of hydrops which activates the toxin. So it s called as Edema factor ( EF ) . The EF was found to be similar with Bordetella whooping cough adenylate cyclase toxin. Factor II is of import because it merely induces protective antitoxic Ab in guinea hogs. So it s called as Protective antigen ( PA ) . Anthrax toxin binds to PA sphere which will be mediated by the activation of EF and LF. Factor III is critical for deadly effects of splenic fever toxin. So it s called as Lethal factor ( LF ) . These three factors show merely antigenicity and non any important biological activity. PA+LF > deadly consequence EF+PA >production of hydrops EF+LF >inactive PA+LF+EF> consequences in hydrops and mortification production, taking to fatal. Anthrax biological terrorism: Bioterrorism was non started late. It stared in 1930 s itself when Japan used splenic fever as biological warfare agent against Manchuria. They even tested splenic fever on war captives, which resulted in human death. Anthrax was called as Agent N which was used by Alliess in universe wars. In 1942 British ground forces dropped an N-Bomb on Gruinard Island situated near the northwest seashore of Scotland. The island was to a great extent contaminated with splenic fever spores, so it was burned wholly. Subsequently in 1980 s scientist concealed it as unprotected human country. In 1944 Britain dropped 5million splenic fever infected cowss in Germany. They were called as cattle cakes . But fortuitously none of them were dead. In 1945 Germany incinerated them safely. During 1978-79 Black Nationalist war Rhodesian authorities used splenic fever as a arm against human and cowss. US kept anthrax as their arm reserve until 1972 which was later destroyed. But still research is traveling on to antagonize these biological weapons onslaughts. mentions related to Bacillus anthracis protective antigen: Anthrax by Jeanne Guillemin, university of California imperativeness, ISBN 0-520-22917-7, pg-3. Dragon, D.C ( 1999 ) . A reappraisal of splenic fever in Canada and deductions for research on the disease in northern bison . Journal of applied microbiology, pg 87-208. Man who breathed in splenic fever dies , BBC intelligence, 2 November 2008 retrieved. Anthrax Q A ; A: Sign and Symptoms . Emergency readiness and response. Centres for disease control and bar. 2003. Anthrax and Anthrax vaccine-Epidemiology and bar of vaccine-preventable diseases , National Immunization Program, Centres for Disease control and bar, January 2006. Structure of protective precursor antigen of Bacillus anthracis: Iscom: Immunostimulating complex ( ISCOM ) is an accessory with multiple accessory belongingss. They are unfastened cage-like composites with diameter of 40nm, which are made up of cholesterin, lipoids, immunizing agent and saponins. It is believed to bring forth Ab responses, which consequences in cytotoxic T lymphocytes responses. The other proteins isolated from the protein readying are Protein: Speciess: Glycoprotein 2 Ebola virus Neuraminidase Influena B virus Tetanus toxin Clostridium tetani Decision: Taking all the consequences into consideration we came to a decision that the given samples were non harmful, because they were in really little sum. But these can be used for readying of bio arm as used by Al Qaeda on USA in 2001. 2001 ANTHRAX ATTACKS: On September 18 2001, terrorists attacked USA with splenic fever. Anthrax spores were sent through mails to several intelligence media offices and two democratic US Senators, resulted in five human death and 17 infective. As similar Anthrax ; Ebola, Influenza and Tetanus were besides harmful and it may hold terrible drastic effects on worlds. Even though we are holding vaccinum but if it hits, we will be panic. So be better dismay the security systems by maintaining biohazard sensing systems in postal services and etc. Yours dependably, Saravanakumar Ravanan.

PLANNING (DB) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

PLANNING (DB) - Essay Example The next step they have done is to make use of the specific strategy and the organization uses the Porters strategy. The Porter strategy focus on the following; the Broad scope strategy which includes cost leadership strategy and the Differentiation strategy. VEHK focuses on its low cost producer in an industry for a given level of quality and for the development of a product or services that offer unique attributes that are valued by customers and that customers perceive to be better than or different from the products of the competition. As stated above one of the effective goal setting should have an agreement among the leadership on the values and beliefs that are the foundation of the strategic plan. To be able to implement a certain strategy the project manager or the one handling the said organization should have a great belief and knowledge on the strategy to be implement. In Virgin Experience Hong Kong the leadership is important since it is implementing the Porter Strategy which includes Strategy Leadership. It was also mentioned that in making goals the organization must understand the current condition both inside and outside an organization before starting the formal strategic planning. VEHK analyzes first the situation of travel market and the condition of its environment.

Putting a price on carbon is the best solution for climate change Essay

Putting a price on carbon is the best solution for climate change - Essay Example e provisions for the trading of emissions at the international scope was introduced by the Kyoto Protocol and despite the expiry of this protocol, carbon trading is set to continue (Newell, Pizer & Raimi, 2013). Underpinning the need for carbon pricing is because most countries have no costs associated with the polluting activities and sources and that currently, there are no limits to the amount of pollution that nations can discharge into the atmosphere (World Bank Group, 2014). Therefore, carbon pricing can act as the regulatory mechanism for controlling the amounts of greenhouse gas emissions from all countries around the world. Some of the most common methods for putting a price on carbon include carbon taxation and the cap-and-trade approach (Grubb, 2012). The cap-and-trade approach involves the government setting up caps on emissions from a particular pollutant, for instance CO2, from a group of pollutants like power plants while carbon tax is the fee imposed on greenhouse gas pollution especially from fossil fuels (Hood, 2013). Thus, the aim of this research is to support that statement that argues that putting price on carbon is the best solution to climate change by encouraging the adoption of cleaner energy sources that are more efficient, cost-friendly and environmentally friendly. Though carbon pricing is being focused on as the solution to climate change, critiques believe that this is an ambiguous decision by the developed countries to escape the responsibility of being the major pollutants and share the costs with other countries that emit fewer greenhouse gasses (Jenkins, 2014). Some non-governmental organisations argue that carbon pricing is creating carbon markets that will give the stakeholders the right and permit to pollute. Besides, a handful of civil societies, Carbon Trade Watch included, have on many occasions criticised the establishment of carbon markets because they barely reduce greenhouse gas emissions at their sources and this