Changing Behaviors Of Children From Violent Media

Giulianna Castronova Professor Slaby CMP 101-01 22 April, 2016 Changing Behaviors of Children due to Violent Media During childhood, children learn behaviors that some may obtain for the rest of their lives. Children are some of the most vulnerable humans when it comes to watching higher figures of their lives doing something, most likely you will find that child doing the same exact thing a day later. Whether they are learning these habits from their parents, older siblings, favorite television show, or a video game; they see these actions as a chance to do something new that is done by one of the things they look up to most. Since children are young, this also means they are not educated enough to know right from wrong, for the most part. In today’s society, parents are very busy and unaware of what their children are doing in their free time. Children spend a lot of their time receiving entertainment from harsh media that can cause a behavioral change. If parents continue not monitoring their children’s sources of entertainment, it can potentially affect our society on a much la rger scale later on. Media violence is creating a serious problem in how it is affecting children today and needs to be looked at in a deeper perspective. Violent media is the viewing of aggressive behavior and attitudes that a character shows towards another character shown in television shows, video games, movies and more. This media contains materials like war, killing others, stealingShow MoreRelatedProtecting Children from Television Violence Essays1405 Words   |  6 PagesSummary #1 Television violence, and media violence in general, has been a controversial topic for several years. The argument is whether young children are brainwashed into committing violent real-world crimes because of violent and pugnacious behavior exposed in mass media. In his article â€Å"No Real Evidence for TV Violence Causing Real Violence†, Jonathan Freedman, a professor of psychology at the University of Toronto and author of â€Å"Media Violence and Its Effect on Aggression: Assessing the ScientificRead MoreYouth Violence: Is the Media to Blame?1514 Words   |  7 PagesYouth Violence: Is the Media to Blame? COM/156 07/27/13 Mallory Dunkley Youth Violence: Is the Media to Blame? Not all children who watch violent programming get in trouble with the law; some feel that there is a strong direct link between the two. There is a good deal of compelling data that suggests that there is a direct link between the media and youth violence. Throughout our history, the media has and can influence people in different ways but the more obvious questionRead MoreMedia Essay1335 Words   |  6 PagesOGarro Media and Society Professor Stephanie Morrow Media portrayal of sex and violence between today and my past. Media is a mode of communication which acts to be a link between the people in today’s society. There were many different issues presented between today and earlier days in the case of media portrayal of sex and violence. Today the media represents the stories of sex and violence in every single newspaper, video, radio and channels as opposed to the past, the media was consideredRead MoreViolent Video Games Should Be Banned Essay1432 Words   |  6 Pagestechnology of violent video game become more and more advanced. The effects of media violence on video games has been increasing in people’s daily life. It is still be an issue and have a lot of debate on whether or not violent video games should be banned. In this essay, violent video games can be defined by RWJF Blog Team as those video game which represent violence as the best or only way to resolve conflict.( Pioneering ideas 2010). This essay will discussed by two reasons for violent video gameRead MoreVideo Games And Violent Violence1345 Words   |  6 Pages On television, iPads, cell phones, and even specially made devices for babies and children. Video games are interwoven with our daily lives. For many, it is just an innocent way to relax or enjoy themselves. For others, it has become an addiction in which they cannot escape. Not all video games are violent, but what about those that are? Does society have an obligation to monitor every type of video game children and adults play simply because they believe it may lead to acts of violence? PsychologistsRead MoreThe Rights Of Violent Media1299 Words   |  6 Pagesidea of changing the protection that violent media receives in light of the first amendment is not justifiable. It begins with a general outline of Hurley’s claim on violent entertainment. It will then focus more closely on the reasons why it is unjustifiable to limit this form of entertainment by showing the importance of free speech in a free society. Lastly, it will question the â€Å"empirical data† that Hurley uses to defend her claim. Hurley claims that violent entertainment causes violent behaviorRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Video Games1714 Words   |  7 PagesThey have changed society and will likely keep changing it for a long time. Though they are usually associated with a positive connotation, there are people who think differently. Since it’s inception, media has also been associated with manipulating the impressionable minds of children, particularly violent media. In the past, it’s been violent literature. Nowadays, it’s been violent video games and movies. The criticisms of these particular forms of media have been because of their graphic and realisticRead More Exposure to Media Violence Essay1460 Words   |  6 Pagesthoroughly researched. Various conclusions can be drawn from multiply sources, though as of yet there has been no one final conclusion as to the nature of the relationship. Some research has studied how media violence can affect other aspects of behaviour, such as memory (Bushman 1988), or the long-term effects that it can have from early childhood, to adolescence (Huesmann, Eron, Klein, Brice Fischer (1983). If it was proved that exposure to media violence increased the likelihood of aggressive behaviourRead MoreThe Effects Of Media On Youth Violence911 Words   |  4 PagesMedia: According to the World Health Organization, more than 1.6 million individuals lose their life to violence each year (32). The mass media delivers messages to communicate with individuals and structure the world. The television, a newspaper, the radio, and the computer are just a few ways the media channels daily activity among everyone. The public opinion on youth violence is interrupted and misunderstood. Youth violence is seen as a problem only when it is aired on the news daily. But whenRead MoreMedia Violence and Effects on the American Family Essay1226 Words   |  5 PagesFacts About Media Violence and Effects on the American Family * In 1950, only 10% of American homes had a television and by 1960 the percentage had grown to 90%. Today 99% of homes have a television. In fact, more families own a television than a phone. (1) * 54% of U.S. children have a television set in their bedrooms. (2) * Children spend more time learning about life through media than in any other manner. The average child spends approximately 28 hours a week watching television

Literary Analysis The Yellow Wallpaper - 589 Words

In Charlotte Perkins Gilmans â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† we are introduced to a woman who enjoys writing. Gilman does not give the reader the name of the women who narrates the story through her stream of consciousness. She shares that she has a nervous depression condition. John, the narrator’s husband feels it is â€Å"a slight hysterical tendency† (266). She has been treated for some nervous habits that she feels are legitimately causing harm to her way of life. However she feels her husband, a physician, and her doctor believe that she is embellishing her condition. The woman shares with the reader early in the story that she is defensive of how others around her perceive her emotional state. This causes a small abrasion of animosity that†¦show more content†¦This hints at a perverse viewpoint the narrator has of the relationship. This can be likened to Gilman’s impression of how society, when she wrote this story, oppressed women’s eq uality. Perhaps Gilman implies that society’s oppression of women’s equality is perverse itself. Her loving husband, John, never takes her illness seriously. The reader has a front row seat of the narrator’s insanity voluminously growing. He has shown great patience with the recovery of his wife’s condition. However, the narrator is clear to the reader that she cannot be her true self with him. In the narrator’s eyes she feels he is completely oblivious to how she feels and could never understand her. If she did tell him that the yellow wallpaper vexed her as it does he would insist that she leave. She could not have this. She has found purpose in this paper. Indeed she cannot be understood by anyone except the woman in the yellow wallpaper. Her creeping about is symbolic of her hiding, sometimes in broad daylight, from a world that looks at her as an outcast because she doesn’t want to be a typical domestic ornament. Perhaps the yellow wal lpaper acted as a mirror for our narrator. As she peered into the wall’s secrets night after night her vanity gradually became insanity. She knew she could not free herself in the world she lived in. Gilman has made clear that the narrator hasShow MoreRelatedLiterary Analysis : The Yellow Wallpaper992 Words   |  4 PagesLiterary Analysis: The Yellow Wallpaper In the story The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman she writes of a woman severely oppressed in her marriage. The women in the story is an open mind individual. John; her husband is a psychologist and thinks that his wife has a mental disorder because of all the free thinking and puts her through the rest cure. Through analysis of the story, we can see that this story displays a creepy tone in order to depict a serious matter at a time when women’sRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of The Yellow Wallpaper1226 Words   |  5 PagesIn the story, The Yellow Wallpaper the author Charlotte Perkins Gilman brings to life the tale of a woman suffering from post partem depression. Her husband is a physician and makes the mistake of keeping her closed off from the world. (John) thinks that the right thing to do is to keep her alone in an unfamiliar room. In this room, there is a bed that is nailed down to the floor and a yellow wallpaper that at first, she despises. However, she eve ntually becomes obsessed with it and goes completelyRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper Literary Analysis 1486 Words   |  6 Pagesemotionally confined, and her great awakening being the room in which she grasps the hope of freedom. The settings show the character analyzes her new life, as her barrier and weight of being a wife is lifted, bring fourth new light. We can see in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† that the author chose to base the main character John’s wife, around physical confinement in which her room symbolized imprisonment, and due to her illness mental confinement as well. Soon enough we see that her sickness takes hold making herRead MoreLiterary Analysis of The Yellow Wallpaper860 Words   |  4 Pages wrote The Yellow Wallpaper, showing her disagreement with the limitations that society placed on women during the nineteenth century. According to Edsitement, the story is based on an event in Gilman’s life. Gilman suffered from depression, and she went to see a physician name, Silas Weir Mitchell. He prescribed the rest cure, which then drove her into insanity. She then rebelled against his advice, and moved to California to continue writing. She then wrote â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† which is inflatedRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of The Yellow Wallpaper1512 Words   |  7 PagesIn 1892, Charlotte Perkins Gilman published the story, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†; a short story that addresses the sensitive topic of inequality between men and women during the nineteenth century. The courageous feminist discusses an issue that many were afraid to talk about, the inhumane treatment of women diagnosed with hysteria. She was the voice for the helpless women who didn’t know how to speak up during this revolting oppression. Gilman created the striking novel by using powerful images toRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of The Yellow Wallpaper1111 Words   |  5 Pagesobstructing man he’s vanquished on the floor and she wa lks over him, as it were!† The woman in the story of â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is seen as a wife to a successful man, a woman who is sickly but well taken care of. In her mind she is trapped and finds a means of escape through the wallpaper, she finds the full escape she craves but at the cost of her mind. The house and the wallpaper are a metaphor of her life. The woman in the story is seen as sickly by those around her, and maybe she reallyRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of The Yellow Wallpaper2144 Words   |  9 PagesWith these views in mind, it is common knowledge that in 1892 Charlotte Perkins Gilman published her well-known short story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† to address a large problem from her time. This story was controversial and groundbreaking because most people at that time did not understand Postpartum Depression. Most doctors believed only in what they could see, and as a result, the majority thought that women were just nervous and had slight hysterical tendencies. Gilman experienced first hand theRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of The Yellow Wallpaper1174 Words   |  5 PagesThe Woman Rocks the Cradle Charlotte Perkins wrote the short story The Yellow Wallpaper. For this analysis paper, I am only going to mainly talk about three characters and they are as follows: the narrator (some call her Jane), John (a certified physician and the husband), and the narrator’s brother (also a physician). This story starts off with the narrator talking about the new transition she has made with her husband John into a new house. On the very first page, she begins to explain how sheRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper Literary Analysis803 Words   |  4 PagesThe Truth is Insanity The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Stetson is a short story told from the viewpoint of a young woman who has been taken to a house in the countryside to improve her health. The concept of truth explored within the story is equivocal as the way in which the characters are presented is inhibitory when deciding what is true and what is not. To begin, the young woman’s mental and physical health is a great point of dispute between her and her husband, John, as he â€Å"assuresRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of The Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1138 Words   |  5 PagesFebruary 2016 Literary Analysis of Symbolism in The Yellow Wallpaper During the late 1800’s, life for women was much different than it is today. Home and family were expected to be their priorities rather than education or the pursuit of a career in the professional world. Married women were not allowed to own property, keep the wages they earned or sign contracts. No woman could vote either. In short, women in the 1800’s were essentially second class citizens. In The Yellow Wallpaper, Charlotte

I Am Legend Film review Free Essays

From its gripping start to its touching finish, this high-grossing blockbuster film is the film everybody has been eagerly waiting for. The third big-screen adaptation of Richard Matheson’s â€Å"I Am Legend† novel (1954) this box office hit is sure to have you gripping your seat the whole way through. Hollywood hunk Will Smith stars alongside an Alsatian called Abby, who steals every scene she’s in. We will write a custom essay sample on I Am Legend Film review or any similar topic only for you Order Now This post apocalyptic film is surely one of a kind. After watching this, I am definitely going to read the original novel. PLOT New York City-2012. Robert Neville (Will Smith) gets up every morning. Does his exercises. Eats breakfast. Takes his dog, Samantha, out for walks, and to pick up supplies. Goes to work. Plays a little golf. At exactly noon, he sends out broadcasts on the radio. Sounds completely normal? Well†¦no. Once a normal man with a loving family, Robert Neville is (as far as he knows) the only living human being left on Earth. He and Samantha are entirely alone, and have been for three years. In 2009, a scientist called, ironically, Dr Krippen (Emma Thompson), announces that she has discovered the cure for cancer; which at the beginning was praised as a breakthrough in modern medicine. But it isn’t long before the virus has mutated into a deadly airborne form, killing millions of people. And those who the virus didn’t kill, it changed†¦ Neville, a military scientist, is part of the team working to find a vaccine, but as the pandemic spreads, the government orders Manhattan locked down, with only the uninfected allowed to evacuate. And now Neville lives alone with Sam, surrounded by strange creatures that devour or infect anyone or anything in their path. Sensitive to UV radiation, they dwell in darkness, only emerging at night to eat. And all the while, the infected lurk in the shadows, watching Neville’s every move, waiting for him to make a fatal mistake. Perhaps mankind’s last and best hope, Neville is driven by only one remaining mission; to find a way to reverse the effects of the virus by using his own immune blood. But his blood is also what the infected hunt, and Neville knows he is outnumbered and quickly running out of time†¦ CHARACTERS The title â€Å"I Am Legend† is very relevant; Will Smith’s acting was LEGENDARY! If you actually think about it, it’s not easy when you’re the only character most of the time. Throughout the film, he was pretty much interacting with a dog†¦and that was about it. We witness Robert trying his best to lead a normal existence, slowly losing his sanity, and yet trying to save the world; all at the same time. It is nice to know that his range of acting is not just limited to action films (although there is a fair bit of action in I Am Legend) but it’s in the quiet moments that Smith gracefully and effortlessly shines- his strained expressions and his persistent battle for his sanity. The close relationship with his dog is extremely touching. His performance was excellent and believable, so hats off to him. TECHNICAL ELEMENTS/ SOUND The opening scenes of â€Å"I Am Legend† have special effects so good that they just about compensate for some later special effects that are slightly clumsy. We see Manhattan three years after a deadly virus has killed every healthy human on the island, except one. The streets are overgrown with weeds, cars are abandoned and the infrastructure of clumsily quarantined buildings is beginning to collapse. The film does a good job of revealing the monsters bit by bit, but once displayed, their CGI-ness is hard to ignore. By the time they’re in full-on assault mode, they resemble something like zombified versions of something out of a video game. This makes for exciting action sequences, but dials down the horror considerably. The song â€Å"3 little birds† by Bob Marley is used extensively and is also on the soundtrack in the film. The song has bittersweet undertones as Robert sings the song â€Å"Don’t worry about a thing, ‘Cause every little thing gonna be all right† in an attempt comfort himself and his dog, to avoid intense loneliness, and also to remind him of his family (his daughter was called Marley; after Bob Marley). THEME/ CONCLUSION Cleverly set in the year 2012, the film just makes us feel even more paranoid. Like many of the best sci-fi films, I Am Legend says a lot about the times we are currently living in. One of the main themes of this film is that one day, we, humans ourselves, could be the cause of the wipe out of the entire human race if we keep on messing with nature and trying to play God. Smith clearly states so in the film, â€Å"God didn’t do this. We did!† But Smith is like a ray of hope and reminds us that there are good people left in the world. Using a quote from Bob Marley, he says that â€Å"the people that are trying to make the world worse never take a day off, so why should I? Light up the darkness.† In this case, Smith feels it’s his duty to save humans and â€Å"Light the darkness† (cure the Dark seekers). I Am Legend is available in Blu-Ray and DVD on Monday 21st April 2008. Bring home the 2 disc special edition of I am Legend and you’ll not only get the theatrical version, but also the complete alternate unseen version with a controversial ending. Definitely worth having on your shelf. How to cite I Am Legend Film review, Papers

Marketing Strategy and Plan of Hunter Wine Company †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Strategy of Hunter Wine Company. Answer: Organizational Structure, control and corporate governance Hunter Wine Company follows a simple structure, where the managers makes all the decisions that the employees need to follow. It is however; open to suggestions from the employees, which is incorporated within the decisions so that it can help in increasing the productivity level of the employees within the organization. This structure is mostly flat in nature, as the managers make the decisions, which ensures in increasing the productivity level of the company and helps the organization in growing in size (Tricker Tricker, 2015).. The company follows the strategic control method, which helps in ensuring that the long-term objectives of the company are met by formulating short-term objectives. This type of control system is behavioral in nature that is it requires high level of diversity from the upper management. The managers depend totally on this control system, as it helps them in understanding the operations within the organization (Neubauer Lank, 2016). The corporate governance of the company is that the stakeholders of the company elect the Board of Directors who helps in maintaining the ethical conduct within the company. The principal responsibilities of the board are to report to the shareholders and the present market about the meetings that are being held within the company. They are also responsible for reviewing the strategies of the company along with the competition that is present in the market. The Board also plans the annual budgets for the company so that the money can be spent in a proper manner, which will help in getting a better Return On Investment (ROI) (Tricker Tricker, 2015). Relevance of strategic leadership and entrepreneurship Strategic Leadership that will be followed by the entrepreneurs helps in effectively implementing the strategies within the organization in an effective manner. It is the ability to anticipate and envision the future so that the company can maintain flexibility and create new changes within the organization when it is necessary. The company appoints subordinates within the organization so that they can cope up with the changes that are being made within the organization in a global environment of the business. This kind of leadership helps in contributing positively to the execution of the strategies. It will help the organization in identifying the direction of the strategies and setting up of organizational controls so that the resources within the company can be used in an effective manner (Engelen et al., 2015). The organizational culture of the Hunter Wine Company will benefit from the strategic leadership, as the strategies will be used effectively within the organization. The changes will help in increasing the sales of the company so that the profits of the firm will increase largely. The company will be able to produce high quality wines, which will help in giving them a competitive advantage over the other wine companies that are present in the market. this will help in ensuring that more number of customers are attracted towards the product, which will help in increasing the profits of the company (Abdelgawad et al., 2013). References Tricker, R. B., Tricker, R. I. (2015).Corporate governance: Principles, policies, and practices. Oxford University Press, USA. Neubauer, F., Lank, A. G. (2016).The family business: Its governance for sustainability. Springer. Engelen, A., Gupta, V., Strenger, L., Brettel, M. (2015). Entrepreneurial orientation, firm performance, and the moderating role of transformational leadership behaviors.Journal of Management,41(4), 1069-1097. Abdelgawad, S. G., Zahra, S. A., Svejenova, S., Sapienza, H. J. (2013). Strategic leadership and entrepreneurial capability for game change.Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies,20(4), 394-407.

With close Reference to the Language of Specific Characters Essay Example

With close Reference to the Language of Specific Characters Essay Written by William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy based around the concepts of love and conflict. Within the play, each different character brings with themselves their own unique attitudes towards love, sex and marriage, ranging from the aggressive views of Sampson and Gregory to the passionate and sensitive views of Romeo and Juliet. It is the intention of this essay to explore and analyse the opinions of the main characters in the play, along with how they are presented by Shakespeare. The first characters to be introduced in the play are Sampson and Gregory, an uneducated and violent double-act with an obsession with sex and no thoughts of love or marriage. Being lowly servants of the Capulet family, they speak in prose tainted with rude and aggressive language: Women being the weaker vessels are ever thrust to the wall: therefore I will push Montagues men from the wall, and thrust his maids to the wall (Act One, Scene One, Lines 14-17) We will write a custom essay sample on With close Reference to the Language of Specific Characters specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on With close Reference to the Language of Specific Characters specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on With close Reference to the Language of Specific Characters specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This quote clearly shows that they regard women as being nothing more than sexual objects to be used at ones leisure and then disposed of. The word vessels here implies that women are only suitable to carrying children, again demonstrating to the audience that Sampson and Gregory regard women as being inferior. When the actor delivers his lines, he would emphasise the word thrust in order to convey Sampson and Gregorys vulgar and misogynistic attitude to the uneducated peasantry, who would appreciate the crudeness. In addition, their bawdy and rude sense of humour, which is shown by their phrases Tis known that I am a pretty piece of flesh and my naked weapon is out would have appealed to most of the audience. In direct contrast to Sampson and Gregory is one of the heroes of the play, Romeo, who is of noble status within the Montague family. We observe Romeos attitudes to love changing rather drastically as the play progresses; he goes from being the classic Petrarchan, negative lover to a passionate and soulful one. Before he meets Juliet, the person who inspires this change within him, he talks about his unrequited love for Rosaline (who, incidentally, the audience dont actually see in the play). He describes his love elaborately and excessively, using phrases such as She is too fair, too wise, wisely too fair. The audience think that Romeo is being over-the-top and insincere, a notion thats heightened by his apparently confused views of love, demonstrated by his use of oxymorons: O brawling love, O loving hate, O anything of nothing first create! (Act One, Scene One, Lines 170-171) Not only do these contradictory terms show Romeos inability to think straight, they also show him blinded by his apparent love for Rosaline. However, when Romeo meets Juliet for the first time, he changes from having a negative view of love and being in a state of emotional turmoil to being positive, light and soulful. His language suddenly transforms from a dark and depressing mood into a more lifted one. This becomes apparent to the audience when they hear Romeo say: This holy shrine, the gentle sin is this, My lips, two blushing pilgrims, ready stand To smooth that rough touch with a tender kiss (Act One, Scene Five, Lines 93-95) His language, though no longer overly elaborate, still has some Petrarchan qualities, though Romeo expresses his love positively rather than through depression, which informs the audience that his love is passionate and pure. His description of Juliet as holy shrine suggests that she is his world, his religion, his life, and tender kiss emphasises his caring love for her. Through language such as this, Shakespeare makes clear that Romeo is no longer in love with the idea of being in love (as he was before), but is well and truly in love with Juliet. Although Juliet returns Romeos affections, their views on love and marriage were rather different before they met. Juliet was the classic example of a dutiful daughter, pleased to obey her parents in almost every aspect of life, including love. When Lady Capulet proposes Paris offer to her, Juliet says Ill look to like, if looking liking move But no more deep will I endart mine eye Than your consent gives strength to make it fly (Act One, Scene Three, Lines 98-100) At this point in the play, Juliet is being obedient and is allowing her parents to guide her in the matter of love as they see fit. However, when Juliet meets Romeo, her views change so drastically that she goes against all social norms and proposes marriage herself (an idea that was simply unheard of in Elizabethan culture the man was supposed to propose). Juliet even goes so far as to offer to abandon her family for Romeo (and hence, risk abandonment), making the audience realise that her love for Romeo is greater even than her love for her parents and her life, which serves as a great contrast to the previously shy and dutiful Juliet: Or if thou wilt not, be but sworn my love And Ill no longer be a Capulet. (Act Two, Scene Two, Lines 35-36) Both Romeo and Juliet share a passionate, true love for each other, harbouring no obsessions with sex (unlike Sampson and Gregory). When they meet, they begin to realise just how powerful love can be, and devote themselves to the other. The fourth character to be discussed is the Nurse, of the House of Capulet. She is of low social status, which is reflected in her bawdy (though unaggressive) sense of humour. However, Nurse treats Juliet as her own daughter (something Lady Capulet never did), a fact which is made apparent to the audience when Lady Capulet says Thou knowest my daughter of a pretty age. Also, although Nurse displays a strong parental for Juliet, her views of love are rather superficial, and based upon appearances. A man, young lady! Lady, such a man As all the world Why hes a man of wax (Act One, Scene Three, Lines 76-77) The above quotation (describing Paris) shows that Nurse considers appearances to be of utmost importance; the phrase man of wax implies perfection in looks. She also refers to Paris as a flower and doesnt mention anything about his character when persuading Juliet to marry him. Nurses views on marriage are influenced by fond memories of her late husband God be with his soul and she also says to Juliet: And I might live to see thee married once, I have my wish (Act One, Scene Three, Lines 63-64) This tells the audience that she has positive views on marriage and has a motherly wish to see Juliet married. Furthermore, Nurse uses a lot of sexual innuendo, talking about wormwood on my dung and Juliet falling backward when thou hast more wit. Making such casual remarks in the presence of a person such as Lady Capulet was considered improper in those times, but the Nurses disregard for this also reflects her low social standing. Another pair of characters from Juliets family is Lord and Lady Capulet, who, surprisingly, have contrasting views of love and marriage. Lord Capulet believes that Juliet should be older before she is married, and wants her to choose her husband. Let two more summers wither in their pride, Ere we may think her ripe to be a bride. (Act One, Scene Two, Lines 10-11) The above quote shows that Lord Capulet is quite prepared to wait another few years for Juliet to get married, which is the complete opposite of what Lady Capulet thinks: Well, think of marriage now; younger than you, Here in Verona, ladies of esteem, Are made already mothers. (Act One, Scene Three, Lines 70-72) Lady Capulet clearly has no patience, and wants Juliet to marry Paris straight away. This implies that Juliets father is more loving and protective, while her mother is superficial and uncaring. Furthermore, the views of the two contrast on the point of love too: But woo her, gentle Paris, get her heart My will to her consent is but a part. (Act One, Scene Two, Lines 16-17) This suggestion from Lord Capulet tells us that he wants Juliet to love her husband, and shows that he doesnt really want to impose his own will upon her. Lady Capulet, on the other hand, wants Juliet to marry immediately, so that she can share all that he doth possess and add to the family fortune. The next character to be explored is Mercutio, Romeos best friend. He is of noble status but uses crude and vulgar language in spite of his standing. He has a negative attitude towards love and regards it as a foe that must be beaten down: If love be rough with you, be rough with love. Prick love for pricking, and you beat love down. (Act One, Scene Four, Lines 76-77) However, he displays a strong filial love for Romeo, and his view on love could be influenced by Rosalines harsh treatment of his best friend. Another explanation could be that Mercutio has never experienced love before; therefore he doesnt know how to deal with it properly. His cynical attitude makes Mercutio dismiss Romeos fantasies, because he is supposedly succumbing to the evil powers of love. Another character with a negative view of love is Benvolio, Romeos other friend. When attempting to comfort Romeo, he suggests that he should simply find someone else to replace Rosaline in his affections. Compare her face with some that I shall show, And I will make thee think thy swan a crow. (Act One, Scene Two, Lines 88-89) Within the above quotation, Shakespeare informs us of the superficial attitudes to love and women within Benvolio. The use of the word compare suggests that women are merely objects, and the casual suggestion to replace Rosaline shows Benvolios shallow opinions. However, he does display a strong filial love for Romeo, which is shown when he tries to comfort him over the unrequited love. Even though the advice is not very good (Benvolio has probably never been in love himself), the gesture is still there. He also believes that love seems to be a good thing on the outside but on the inside it is an evil enemy: Alas that Love, so gentle in his view, Should be so tyrannous and rough in proof (Act One, Scene One, Lines 163-164) Contrasting with Benvolio is Tybalt, of the House of Capulet, who displays absolutely no filial love. He despises everyone of the House of Montague and displays a rather fiery personality. It fits when such a villain in a guest: Ill not endure him (Act One, Scene Five, Lines 74-75) This quote referring to Romeo shows that Tybalt cannot stand any Montagues, and his previous order, Fetch me my rapier, boy along with other such statements littered throughout his dialogue suggest that he is very violent and aggressive. Later on in the play, he challenges Romeo to a fight to the death, demonstrating his obsession with his familys honour. The final character to be explored is Friar Lawrence, who, despite having two sons, treats Romeo like one of his children, giving advice and encouragement. He refers to Romeo as good son, which tells the audience of his fatherly feelings. Friar Lawrence doesnt differentiate between the two houses of Capulet and Montague, unlike most of the other characters, and agrees to marry Romeo and Juliet in the hope that it will unite the conflicting families. To conclude, William Shakespeare delivers to us an array of moral values and attitudes to love, sex and marriage in Romeo and Juliet. One of his greatest works, the play expresses the views of all social classes, using marvellous linguistic tools that are unparalleled to this day. The audience are greeted with the violent and aggressive attitudes of Sampson and Gregory, juxtaposed by the passionate and sensitive views of love of Romeo and Juliet. Throughout the play, Shakespeare masterfully weaves humour and sadness, peace and conflict, love and hate, together into an intricate and entertaining plot that will be performed and studies for generations to come.

Critique of Jean-Paul Sartre essays

Critique of Jean-Paul Sartre essays Jean-Paul Sartre has been viewed as both a feminist supporter and a misogynist in his philosophies. In this paper I will argue that Sartre is a supporter of feminism and should be read as such, though examples that he uses of bad faith can and should be read critically. I will show this first by defining a conceptual forefather, and then someone who we should read as a critical/combative critique. Next I will explain Sartres philosophies, including his belief of bad faith. Finally I will address the example that he uses of bad faith that should be critically read (reword). As Linda Singer defines in Erotic Welfare, a conceptual forefather is someone in the history of philosophy who displayed belief in the concepts of feminism before the rise of the feminist movement. It is these views that comprise the foundation of feminism today. This way of reading philosophy is in part done to show that others have already addressed some of what feminists are trying to do today throughout history. (Singer, 168) The other type of reading that Singer talks about is critical/combative critiques. She explains this as reading with the purpose of challenging what the history of philosophy has had to say about women. The history of philosophy is shown to be largely in the self-interest of men, constructing women as inferior, as well as to try to justify an indefensible logic of male privilege by embedding it in codes that lend to these prejudices that force of philosophical legitimacy and authority (Singer, 170). These critiques argue against the ideas of past philosophers that degrade and demoralize women. This helps us to know what needs to be changed, what views need to be revised so that we can have an equal society. Jean-Paul Sartre was an existentialist, which means he believed in existence prior to essence. He was also an atheist, so he did not believe in God. In Sartre&a...

A Detailed Review Of Pink Floyds Album The Dark Side Of The Moon

A Detailed Review Of Pink Floyd's Album The Dark Side Of The Moon Pink Floyd The classic album that I chose is Pink Floyd’s The Dark Side of the Moon. Pink Floyd is a progressive rock band that was formed in 1965. This classic album was released on March 1, 1973. The album contains ten tracks such as: â€Å"Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun,† â€Å"Echoes,† â€Å"Breathe,† â€Å"On the Run,† â€Å"Time,† â€Å"The Great Gig in the Sky,† â€Å"Money,† â€Å"Us and Them,† â€Å"Brain Damage,† and lastly, â€Å"Eclipse.† The band consists of four members. These members are: David Gilmour (vocals and guitar), Nick Mason (percussion and drums), Richard Write (keyboards and organ), and Roger Waters (bass guitar). What I will discuss in this paper is about the many unique aspects it had that made it become such a highly recognized classic album to this day. To give some small background info, originally, Syd Barrett was the native singer before Gilmour. What happened was Barrett became deranged in 1968. After this tragic event occurred. The former members were puzzled on what their next move was going to be. The band then decided to continue their music making, replacing Barrett with Gilmour. Then, The Dark Side of the Moon soon came about. Pink Floyd’s â€Å"groove† was then described as â€Å"glacial† and â€Å"space-rock† by David Fricke, a senior editor for the Rolling Stones Magazine (Degrunwald, Smith, Longfellow, 2003). According to The Rolling Stone’s website, at the beginning of Pink Floyds career, they refined a â€Å"psychedelic sound, performing long, loud suite like compositions that touched on hard rock†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Rollingstone.com, â€Å"Pink Floyd Biography†). they then began to progress to using a â€Å"azimuth coordinated sound system†¦themes were unremittingly bleaka lienation, paranoia†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Rolling stone.com, â€Å"Pink Floyd Biography†). After more albums were released, tension between Wright and Waters increased, therefore, Wright left the band. Soon after, Waters too, left leaving Gilmour and Mason. The members then started releasing solo albums. Years after, Pink Floyd was then again reunited (excluding Waters) on July 2, 2005 for a global Live 8 performance (Rollingstone.com, â€Å"Pink Floyd Biography†). As The Dark Side of the Moon is a highly successful album, it is not their first album. Rather, this album appears on Pink Floyd’s discography as the 9th album. The previous albums recorded are: 1. The Piper at the Gates of Dawn (1967), 2. A Saucerful of Secrets (1968), 3. More (1969), 4. Ummagumma (1969), 5. Atom Heart Mother (1970), 6. Relics (1971), 7. Meddle (1971), 8. Obscured by Clouds (1972), 9. The Dark side of the Moon and then the album preceding DSOTM would be 10. Wish You Were Here (1975). To make such an incredible album, Pink Floyd’s members experimented with many auditory techniques. Two techniques that were constantly used were echoes and double tracking vocals. This was to give off a psychedelic vibe towards the listener. They also used several sound effects such as futuristic vehicle noises, footsteps, and heartbeats. Pink Floyds exploration of sounds made the albums songs’ have various tricks within each song, giving them all distinctive traits. Another interesting thing about this album is the background about it itself. According to Roger Waters in the documentary, â€Å"The Making of The Dark Side of the Moon†, â€Å"The Dark Side of the Moon was an expression of political, philosophical, humanitarian empathy that was desperate to get out† (Degrunwald, Smith, Longfellow, 2003). Waters also expressed how the themes that can be applied to the album are â€Å"insanity, death, empathy, and greed†. This shows how it also gave off a message. The sleeve album sleeve designer, Storm Thorgerson, described his inspiration for the design was based off on three assets. First, the lightshow the band created during their concerts. Second, the themes of the lyrics, which he perceived as greed and ambition. And, third, it was an answer to Richard Wright’s request of wanting a â€Å"simple, bold and dramatic† design. When the design was shown to the members, they all immediately chose the one they used for the album. This record had such an enormous influence on both the band and the people around the world.

Priory Dental Surgery Appointment Booking System Coursework

Priory Dental Surgery Appointment Booking System - Coursework Example The actors in this case were the Dentists, Patients, Receptionist and the Manager. The second step in this task was to identify the use cases, these are the actions done by the actors. They are identified with the phrases that start with verbs or those that indicate actions being performed by actors. It was observed that one actor can have one or more use cases depending on their role with the PDS. A phrase such as â€Å"arrange patients’ booking† is identified as a use case. From this exercise it was observed that it is important to match the actors with their uses case while design the use case diagram. Associations of actors and use cases is therefore important. Use cases also have extended relationship where one use case depends on the other use case within the system. Tutorial two : Use Case Descriptions The second task was to describe the use case. This entails providing steps and responses between the system and the actor. What does an actor require to have in or der to accomplish a given task? The description also shows the main steps the actor will take in doing a given action (use case). The task in step 2 demonstrated how one can describe a use case using a table. The task involved how a receptionist could change a given appointment. The receptionist must be able to check into the system the previous appointment allocation then see if there is a time slot in the next proposed time by the patient. In checking the next free slot, factors such as the availability of the Dentist is important if he is available is it the same time as one proposed by the patient? If this conditions are not met the receptionist fails to book appointment for the patient and such feedback is given by the system. Otherwise, the receptionist will print the appointment confirmation or email it to the patient. Unlike making appointment where there are extensions, changing of the appointment does not have any extensions or views. Views means checking other use cases t o see if the action you are performing is valid or viable. For instance the receptionist must view patient to ensure that that patient does not have another appointment. Tutorial three: Analysis/Conceptual Class Diagram A class in system design is something that the system needs to store information about. In any scenario they are or case study such as PDS classes are known by identifying nouns. A class diagram is a rectangular shape that contains the name of the class, the operations and methods used by the system to retrieve or store information about the class. It was learnt that class names are in singular forms and only nouns are used not verbs. In exercise one, I was able to identify classes as; Appointment, Dentist and Patient. Exercise two required attributes and operations of the identified classes. Attributes can be said to be characteristics or information that the system will store about the class. Appointment could have the time and date of appointment as attributes whi le operations are the activities or actions that the system will perform to access or store information about the use case such as checking the free time for appointment. I learnt that attributes are written below the case name with a minus sign(-) at the beginning of the attribute while a plus sign (+)for operations that come below attributes in a class diagram. Exercise five combined all the classes to show how there are associated and their dependencies outlined. It shows that a system is a single unit with many

Should Convicted Felons Have The Right to Vote Assignment

Should Convicted Felons Have The Right to Vote - Assignment Example It is the duty of the society to halt the downward march to destruction and inspire one to the upward march of moral elevation to make one a worthy individual and citizen. The conclusion is obvious. The convicted felons need to be given the right to vote. Most of the crimes are generally committed at the spur of the moment, when one loses the balance of mind. He suffers through the period of conviction and the prison has never been a pleasant place for any individual, notwithstanding the amenities provided. â€Å"The legal authority of a State to revoke an inmate’s voting rights is based upon the Fourteenth Amendment. State laws on allowing convicted felons to participate in elections vary widely. Forty-eight states deny the vote to at least some felons; only Vermont and Maine let felons vote. Thirty-three states withhold the right to vote from those on parole. Eight deny felons the vote for life, unless they petition to have their rights restored, such as Alabama and Florida. New Jersey and Connecticut allow former felons to vote once they have completed parole. Nationally, about 4.2 million convicted felons cannot vote.†(Stukes, 2010) A straightforward answer cannot be provided to the question whether the convicted felons need to be given the right to vote. The immediate reaction is what sort of a felon? All felons are not alike and the gravity of their crimes is not alike. The 14th amendment specifically permits states to disfranchise citizens convicted of participation in rebellion, or other crime. How an enemy of the country be given the right to vote? Legally, the federal government may not infringe upon the authority of the state to give and not to give the voting rights to prison inmates and former felons. The spirit of the American Constitution is, it swears by democracy. But party politics has engulfed the issue to a great extent. This appeals to the Democrats because a large number of felons are African-Americans, the

Connecticut Yankee in King Arthurs Court (Book Report) Essay Example for Free

Connecticut Yankee in King Arthurs Court (Book Report) Essay Mark Twain is often thought of as the most cynical writer in American literature. A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthurs Court is perhaps one of greatest works. In this amusing story, Twain takes an American entrepreneur from his own day and age, and thrusts him back to the age of King Arthur. The novel is therefore about how a nineteenth-century American industrialist might act if he found himself in medieval England. Mark Twain sees the Industrial Age in which he lived as a rabid attempt to exploit everyone and everything. And, thats exactly what Hank Morgan, also known as the â€Å"Boss†, does when he gets to Camelot. Hank uses science and technology to exploit Camelot. Threatened with execution, Hank remembers that an eclipse is supposed to occur in the near future, and he uses this knowledge to convince King Arthur and the rest of Camelot that Hank is a stronger magician than Merlin. Once Hank gains King Arthurs trust, he is able to do whatever he wants with Camelot and its people. Hank quickly goes about improving Camelot with industries and technologies that are common to nineteenth-century America. One of his schemes is to invent soap and making it available to all of the people of Camelot (since the people didn’t bathe as frequently in the third-century as they did in the nineteenth). Hank is appalled at how much power that the Established Church has over the people. So he decides that the people need to be educated, which will, naturally, weaken the churchs hold. Of course, being an entrepreneur at heart, Hank cant help but look on Camelot as an opportunity for exploiting people with his superior knowledge. In a very memorable scene, Hank describes the religious devotions of many of the monks of the time as, a monk who expresses his devotion to God by bowing over and over again, all day long, without stopping. Rather than being impressed by the monks passionate display of faith, Hank notes the astounding amount of energy the monk puts out every day. Not to see this wasted, he hooks up a sewing machine to the monk, using his bowing motions to run the machine. In this manner Hank manufactures and sells garments as religious souvenirs, and tells the readerwith not a little satisfactionabout the wild success of these garments. Beyond Twains customary critiques on slavery and religion, the book also  offers a somewhat different brand of cynicism Twains critique of science and progress. When Hank Morgan arrives in Camelot, it is a fairy-tale city that has long represented both nobility and weaknesses. Then, in his quest to improve the city, he destroys it. Everything that defines the time from the smelly, unwashed people to their superstitions and religious fervor is exploited in the name of progress. Here, then, we see Hank Morgan as an expression of Twains dislike with the value of modern progress.

mass commication and how it affects todays youth Essay examples -- ess

From Eminem’s hardcore explicit lyrics, to Lil Kim’s outrageous outfits to the late Tupac Shakur’s â€Å"thug life† image, the rap subculture has been under a lot of speculation. Many rappers lyrics contain violent messages that parents fear are encouraging youth to become violent. The media has a field day covering protests against rappers, such as Eminem about their explicit lyrics towards gays, women and their promotion of violence. The main concern is how rap is influencing today, particularly towards the youth community, and the answer can be found in the media. There are a lot of articles, books, movies and documentaries written and produced each year with hip-hop being the main subject. This great plethora of media not only affects the youth but other people as well. However, one needs to understand how the rap culture got started, and why the media found it interesting enough to give it a substantial amount of coverage.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to Webster, rap is rhythmic chanting of usually rhyming couplets to a musical accompaniment (Webster, 607). The rap subculture began in the African community residing in the Bronx during the 70’s with rappers free styling—when artists rhyme without memorization or writing down lyrics—in the park, on street corners and in apartment basements (Watkins, 63). This was a harmless way of determining who the best lyricist was. At the time artists such as Arrested Development made lyrics that sent a positive message to the African community. The group’s songs address topics ranging from homelessness to the search for spirituality and African Americans’ connection with Africa. Through their positive influence they received â€Å"Best New Artist† and â€Å"Best Rap Artist† during the 1993 Grammy Awards (Boyd, 44). During its birth, this subculture produced many other cultures such as graffiti art, break dancing and most notably rap music. This subculture was very expressive and paved the way for latter cultures’ success. In his book, Fight the Power, Chuck D (a member of rap group Public Enemy) states, â€Å"Hip hop is a subculture of Black culture. It’s another term for Black creativity. Rap music is here to stay because it’s vocal over music, and as the music changes the vocals can remain the same because it’s one of the few live vocal styles ever used for recording music† (p.g. 248). He was right because as the 80’s wer... ...l Publishing. 1998 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  S. Craig Watkins, 1998. â€Å"Balck Youth and the Ironies of Capitalism.† In Representing Hip-Hop Culture and the Production of Black Cinema. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nelson George, Hip Hop America. New York: Penguin Books, 1998 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Heru Ptah. A Hip Hop Story. New York: Pocket Books, 2002 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  8 Mile, starring Eminem and Malik Phieffer 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Brown Sugar staring Sanaa Lathan and Taye Diggs 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Clarence Lusane. 1993 â€Å"Rap, race and politics.†. Black America: The Street and the Campus. Special Issue of Reace and Class: 35:1. 9.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tricia Rose. Never Trust, 1996 page 60 10.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Todd Boyd. 1994. â€Å"Check Yo Self before you Wreck Yo Self:: Variations on a Political Theme in Rap Music and Popular Culture.† Public Culture. 7:1. 11.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Connie Buck. 7 July 1991. â€Å"The Takedown of Tupac.† The New Yorker 12.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Randall Sullivan. 7 June 2001. â€Å"The Murder of the Notorious BIG.† Rolling Stone.

Organizational metaphor Essay

What is a metaphor? Metaphor (met-uh-fawr, -fer) a figure of speech in which a term or phrase is applied to something to which it is not literally applicable in order to suggest a resemblance. In organizational behaviour, the metaphors help people understand all we need to know about an organization. Gareth Morgan proposed near in 80 ´s, the eight metaphors of organizations to explain the organization problems. The two most important metaphors he proposed, are the organizations as machines and the organizations as brains. The first metaphor that he proposed, allowed us to understand the organizations as machines. Since Descartes the metaphor of the machine has entered the scientific thought. This philosopher say the human body is liked to a later machine. Then the industrial revolution take this philosophy as part of the shift. Later Gareth Morgan sense that organizations are like machines, its means they require high levels of efficiency in the same way as the machines require high levels of efficiency to operate correctly. All organizations require maintenance, to keep them running without difficulty and propitiously, similar to machines, that require maintenance to keep them running productively. Organizations are like machines because when individuals talk to one another about an organization or a machine they communicate using many of the same words to describe the organization or the machine. The second one is organization as an organism. The comparison of the organization with an organization concept from biology, aims to underline the dynamic character of the former, subject to constant change. These changes take on a vital aspect for survival and effectiveness. Consequently, the employees have needs that must be satisfied for them to function well. According to the population ecology view, some organisations depend on resources to survive for which they have to compete with other  organisations. Unlike what we observed in the metaphor of the machine, which highlights here is not a static, controlled, focusing on their physical structure. The third is the organization as a brain. Like the brains, thee organization learn, processes information, create, and have decision making. So talk about the organization as a brain, refers to the fact that organization is made up of a central department. That minds, all decisions are made solely by the central control, and other agencies have the task of carrying out the requests made by the leader or brain. Organizations as a cultures. Culture (kÊÅ'ltÊÆ'É™r) from Latin: cultura, cultivation. When we are talking about culture, we are concerning for the developing models, reproduced in a society model, formed by knowledge, ideologies values and laws. Comparable to the society, the organizations are affected by the rules and ethics codes, appropriated for all situations. These facts were named by Representation and agreement. Organization as autocracy (Political system) In a system that rewards progressing, and punishes the faults; employees are encouraged to hide the failures of the system to protect themselves â€Å"letting sleeping dogs lie† and saying bosses exactly what they want to hear. The only freedom they have is the option to quit and move on. Conflict occurs when there are opposing interests and is probably always present in all organisations. The political view of organisation shows that politics is inevitable in organisations and all organisational activity is based on self-interest. It explodes the myth that organisations are rational, it helps to find ways to overcome the limitations of the notion that organisations are integrated systems, and it gets us to recognise socio-political implications of different organisations and their roles in society. The danger of this view is that it can increase the politicisation of organisations. (anonymous, 2014) Organizations as psychic prisons. Nominalism may refer to a position that denies the existence of universal entities or objects, but accepts that particular objects or entities exist. Plato conceives a man with a dual reality, body and soul, which considers the idea of ​​the material and the immaterial or spiritual as opposites. The model of psychic prison metaphor is used to examine some of the ways organizations and their member’s become trapped by constructions of reality that give an important understanding about the world. The transformative organizations. These organizations emphasizes three different logics: organizations as self-producing systems, as results circular-flows and the product of dialectical movements. Instruments of domination. These kind of organizations used the staff for their own purposes. So  ¿What do we know about the organizational metaphors? (Morgan, 1980). Metaphor plays a symbolic role, for the organizational analysis, just like that, creates a set of meanings essential for the process of human appreciation, social, psychological and cultural. Referencias anonymous. (31 de 08 de 2014). Obtenido de http://www.systems-thinking.ca/myfiles/GarethMorgan.pdf balniev. (31 de 08 de 2014). http://es.scribd.com/. Obtenido de http://es.scribd.com/doc/61657954/Metafora-Organizacion-Como-Cultura-Morgan sarahysigie. (31 de 08 de 2014). http://sarahysigie.blogspot.mx/. Obtenido de http://sarahysigie.blogspot.mx/2009/09/clasificacion-de-las-organizaciones.html

Development, an Impetus to Urbanization Essay

New ways of thinking about government, science, economics, and religion had brought many changes to America by the eighteenth century. Concern for individual freedoms became so strong that it led to revolution in many lands. In Britain’s American colonies, revolution brought the establishment of a new nation, the United States. In the spring of 1775 few Americans, angry as they were, favored separation from Britain. Support for independence grew over the next six months as fighting continued and the colonists debated the issue. The Americans had declared their independence but still had to win it. They had capable leaders and were strengthened by their dedication to the cause of liberty. The Americans emerged victorious from the Revolutionary War and adopted a plan of government that became a model for other nations (Hinkle, 1994). Since then, modernization and urbanization became the twin paradigms of â€Å"pop culture† from that point on in America. For approximately two hundred years, people in the United States have been wandering towards the fringes in the hunt for reasonably priced domestic shelter, rural community conviviality, and well-preserved and intact nature only to learn that their verdant new neighborhoods are a component of the emergent metropolitan stretch. Modernization describes the process by which a society moves from traditional or pre-industrial social and economic arrangements to those characteristics of industrial societies. Implicit in the notion of modernization is the assumption that there is basically one predominant course of development, namely industrialization and urbanization which were followed by America (Todaro, 1981). This capitalistic and industrially advanced commerce became the impetus of urbanization in America. The relocation of the new technologies furnished the United States its first manufacturing plants, large-scale mills that incorporated spinning and knitting technology in a single factory. As workers drifted into the metropolis in the hunt for employment in the factories, the factory scheme was mainly accountable for the materialization of the urbanized city (Harris and Todaro, 1970). The development of dramatic socioeconomic modifications brought about when wide-ranging automation of assembly systems led to a swing from domestic hand manufacturing to across-the-board factory manufacture. The Industrial Revolution has transformed the visage of nations, creating metropolitan centers involving substantial urban services (Brody, 1989). Viewed in this manner, modernization entails a pattern of convergence as societies become increasingly and inevitably urban, industry comes to overshadow agriculture, the division of capitalistic labor becomes more specialized, colonialism gained a new meaning, and the size and density of the population increase with immigrants coming in from every point in the world (Cohen, 2004). Initially, inhabitants have sought commune, dwelling, and conserved environment in suburbia. People have continuously hankered after sighting their conurbations as human constructions built as one piece. Developers have taken pleasure in a range of imaginings, aiming for revenues from economies of scale and enlarged suburban crowdedness, while swaying opinion on municipal and federal administration to diminish the peril of real estate conjecture (Loomis and Beegle, 1950). Enclosing all environmental hullabaloos in addition to the intricacies of social stratum, ethnicity, and sexual category, several speculate how we mull over the communes Americans construct and make their homes in (Newman, 2006). It is apparent that population size and composition have a great composition have a great many ramifications for all phases of social life. The distribution of a population in space also assumes critical significance. The â€Å"where† may be an area as large as a continent or as small as a city block. Between these extremes are world regions, nations, national regions, states, cities and rural areas. Changes in the number and proportion of people living in various areas are the cumulative effect of differences in fertility, mortality, and net migration (Walls, 2004). One of the most significant developments in human history has been the development of cities. Although many of us take cities for granted, they are one of the most striking features of our modern era. A city is a relatively dense and permanent concentration of people who secure their livelihood chiefly through non-agricultural activities. The influence of the urban mode of life extends far beyond the immediate confines of a city’s boundaries. Many of the characteristics of modern societies, including problems, derive from an urban existence (Cohen, 2004). Urbanization has proceeded quite rapidly during the past two centuries. In 1800 there were fewer than fifty cities in the world with 100,000 or more population. And by 1900, only one in twenty earthlings lived in a city with a population of at least 100,000. Today. One in five people lives in a center with at least 100,000 people (Montgomery, et al. , 2004). Several of the spatial standards and social prospects of the 1800s and early 1900s hang about up till now, layers entwined in protocols, recollection, and experience, in addition to the metaphors of popular culture and the proclamations of draftsmen and urban developers. In the first part of the 1800s, inhabitants, pattern book authors, and engineers created long-term principles of quixotic houses established in picturesque landscape peopled by elite, private neighborhoods (Loomis and Beegle, 1950). Prevalent since the 1840s, the philosophy of female domesticity was married to a trend of mannish home occupancy, stretched out to subsume plebeian males three decades later. Communitarian activities started to have some bearing on draftsmen, landscapers, and engineers, a class of reformers on the up understood they may possibly fashion a transformative societal construction at the outer reaches of the metropolis (Kivisto, 2001). Picturesque enclaves began round about 1850. All over this time, the American suburban abode had turned out to be a private utopia, taking the place of the archetypal town which had taken on a range of Americans’ hopes a thousand years earlier (Satterthwaite, 2005). Nevertheless, it is time to revamp every layer in the discrete metropolitan terrain, and contemplate how to take in hand each variety, keeping in mind that property holder subsidies, developer subventions, and metropolitan services have been dispersed disproportionately over the decades and certain greater impartiality is looked-for. The long-standing enclaves may necessitate conservation, but aid should be rendered in exchange for communal access and construal of their privileged parks and natural terrains (Harris and Fabricius, 1996). New-fangled proposals for picturesque enclaves, such as Llewellyn Park, New Jersey, laid emphasis to communal open area and advanced joint public life (Satterthwaite, 2005). One communitarian community in Mount Vernon, New York, exerted a pull on roughly three-hundred families by putting forward fortification against the biased power and weight of capital; others urbanized model settlements to advance women’s repute through collective services and industrial sustenance (Alexander, et al. , 2004). Most early urban communities were city-states, and many modern nations have evolved from them. Even where the nation became large in both size and land area, the city has remained the focus for political and economic activities, and the core and magnet of much social life. To people of other nations, the city often represents the nation, and this tradition survives in the modern use of a city, such as Washington, London, and Moscow, as a synonym for a nation (Beauchemin and Bocquier, 2004). Industrial-urban centers typically been geographically scattered, and although dominating their hinterlands, have had only tenuous economic and social relations with them. More recently, metropolitan cities have emerged. This phase in urban development does not represent a sharp break with the industrial-urban tradition, but rather a widening and deepening of urban influences in every area of social life. Increasingly cities have become woven into an integrated network (Cohen, 2004). The technological base for the metropolitan phase of urbanism is found in the tremendous increase in the application of science to industry, the widespread use of electric power (freeing industry from the limitations associated with steam and belt-and-pulley modes of power), and the advent of modern forms of transportation (the automobile and rapid transit systems have released cities from the limitations associated with foot and hoof travel, which had more or less restricted growth to a radius of 3 miles from the center) (Todaro, 1981). Steam and belt-and-pulley power techniques had produced great congestion in urban areas by the beginning of the twentieth century. But a number of factors have increasingly come to the foreground and bucked earlier centripetal pressures, including rising city taxes, increased land values, traffic and transportation problems, and decaying and obsolescent inner zones. These and other forces have accelerated the centrifugal movement made technologically possible by electric power, rapid transit, the automobile, and the telephone (Harris, 1988). The result has been the development of satellite and suburban areas, broad, ballooning urban lands linked by beltways that constitute cities in their own right. In population, jobs, investment, construction, and chopping facilities, they rival the old inner cities. They are the sites of industrial plants, corporate offices and office towers, fine stores, independent newspapers, theaters, restaurants, superhotels, and big-league stadiums (Montgomery, et al. , 2004). A good deal of the sociological enterprise is directed toward identifying recurrent and stable patterns in people’s social interactions and relationships. In like fashion, sociologists are interested in understanding how people order their relationship and conduct their activities in space. They provide a number of models that attempt to capture the ecological patterns and structures of city growth (Newman, 2006). In the period between World Wars I and II, sociologists at the University of Chicago viewed Chicago as a social laboratory and subjected it to intensive study. The concentric circle model enjoyed a prominent place in much of this work. The Chicago group held that the modern city assumes a pattern of concentric circles, each with distinctive characteristics. At the center of the city, the central business district, are retail stores, financial institutions, hotels, theaters, and businesses that cater to the needs of downtown shoppers. Surrounding the central business district is an area of residential deterioration caused by the encroachment of business and industry, the zone in transition (Loomis and Beegle, 1950). In earlier days, thee neighborhoods had contained the pretentious homes of wealthy and prominent citizens. In later years they became slum areas and havens for marginal business establishments (pawnshops, secondhand stores, and modest taverns and restaurants). The zone in transition shades into the zone of workingmen’s homes that contain two-flats, old single dwellings, and inexpensive apartments inhabited largely by blue-collar workers. Beyond the zone occupied by the working class are residential zones composed primarily of small business proprietors, professional people, and managerial personnel. Finally, out beyond the area containing the more affluent neighborhoods is a ring of encircling small cities, towns, and hamlets, the commuters’ zone (Harris and Fabricius, 1996). The Chicago group viewed these zones as ideal types, since in practice no city conforms entirely to the scheme. For instance, Chicago borders on Lake Michigan, so that a concentric semicircular rather than a circular arrangement holds. Moreover, critics point out that the approach is less descriptive of today’s cities than cities at the turn of the twentieth century. And apparently some cities such as New Haven have never approximated the concentric circle patterns. Likewise, cities in Latin America, Asia, and Africa exhibit less specialization in land use than do those in the United States (Montgomery, et al. , 2004). Homer Hoyt has portrayed large cities as made up of a number of sectors rather than concentric circles, the sector model. Low-rent districts often assume a wedge shape and extend from the center of the city to its periphery. In contrast, as a city grows, high-rent areas move outward, although remaining in the same sector. Districts within a sector that are abandoned by upper-income groups become obsolete and deteriorate (Satterthwaite, 2005). Thus, rather than forming a concentric zone around the periphery of the city, Hoyt contends that the high-rent areas typically locate on the outer edge of a few sectors. Furthermore, industrial areas evolve along river valleys, watercourses, and railroad lines, rather than forming a concentric circle around the central business district. But like the concentric circle model, the sector model does not fit a good many urban communities, including Boston (Loomis and Beegle, 1950). Another model, the multiple nuclei model, depicts the city as having not one center, but several. Each center specializes in some activity and gives its distinctive cast to the surrounding area. For example, the downtown business district has as its focus commercial and financial activities. Other centers include the bright lights (theater and recreation) area, automobile row, a government center, a whole-sailing center, a heavy manufacturing district, and a medical complex. Multiple centers evolve for a number of reasons (Loomis and Beegle, 1950). First, certain activities require specialized facilities, for instance, the retail district needs to be accessible to all parts of the city; the port district requires suitable waterfront; and a manufacturing district dictates that a large block of land be available near water or rail connections. Second, similar activities often benefit from being clustered together. For instance, a retail district profits by drawing customers for a variety of shops. Third, dissimilar activities are often antagonistic to one another. For example, affluent residential development tends to be incompatible with industrial development (Dentler, 2002). And finally, some activities cannot afford high-rent areas and hence locate in low-rent districts; for instance, bulk wholesaling and storage. The multiple nuclei model is less helpful in discovering universal spatial patterns in all cities than in describing the unique patterns peculiar to particular communities (Todaro, 1981). Structure-function approaches help us to partition social life into discrete structures, including statuses and neighborhoods. They allow us to place a handle on the fluid quality of life so that we may grasp, describe, and analyze it, making it understandable and intelligible. But as many conflict and symbolic interactionist theorists emphasize, the dichotomy between structure and process gives birth to problems that are frequently unnecessary. For one thing, the dichotomy produces difficulty in handling change. Indeed, the word change itself is saturated with certain non-process connotations, implying a shift from one static and relatively stable to another (Loomis and Beegle, 1950). Most of the some of the United States are not necessarily one hundred per cent Americans. This is the result of the continuous social change that has taken place in the metropolitan cities over the past decades. Some cities have especially undergone a vivid transition from rural community to a modern suburb. Language, culture, religion, and ethnic heritage reinforce people’s sense of belonging. These are the bonds out of which will be created new communities. Some people insist that the forces that are making the world into a single economy have separated people from longstanding identities and have, at the same time, weakened nation-state (Davies, 2005). The everyday life of the rural people is uncomplicated and less complex than that of the urban inhabitants, and the rural resident are inclined to keep more of the speech patterns and traditions of their characteristic racial backgrounds (Cohen, 2004). A foremost setback in living in a highly developed city is the high cost of living, owing largely to the continent’s empowered economy (Dentler, 2002). Once, most part of the continent had heavily relied on imports. Transportation expenses were incorporated in the prices of the majority of consumer merchandise. As the residents number rise, housing grows more and more hard to obtain, and it is excessively high-priced when proportionate to housing costs in several of the mainland states. Building materials, nearly all of which are brought in from outside the country, are costly. Residential settlement is limited and expensive, given that much of the land is in possession of corporations and trusts (Harris and Todaro, 1970). Pains have been taken through legislation to correct this state of affairs. Thoroughly-designed housing situated in communities, in which the single-family home yield to high-rise, high-density houses and townhouses and apartment complexes, has become one solution to the lack and cost related to urban housing (Hayden, 2004). Urban settlement some time ago comprised more or less completely of single-family quarters, individual business buildings and stores, small bazaars, and three- or four-story inns. With the upsurge of inhabitants and vacationers since the early part of the 20th century, on the other hand, American states have built increasingly high-rise apartment building houses, hotels, and commercial establishments, with the conventional individual shopkeepers becoming wrapped up into the sets of buildings of shopping centers and supermarkets (Loomis and Beegle, 1950). Urban cities are where the majority of Americans reside at the present. It is the governing American edifying landscape, amalgamating esteemed natural and manufactured ecosystems, lots and single domestic houses. Urban cities are where a massive space of profit-making and residential landed property are bankrolled and erected. It is the locality of most of the charitable toil of fostering and parenting, mirroring both societal and ecological customs. Lastly, urbanized cities are where the large American body of voters live today (Alexander, et al. , 2004). References Alexander, Jeffrey C. , Gary T. Marx, and Christine L. Williams. (2004). Self, Social Structure, and Beliefs: Explorations in Sociology. University of California Press. Beauchemin, Cris and Philippe Bocquier, 2004, â€Å"Migration and Urbanization in Francophone West. Brody, David, 1989, â€Å"Labor History, Industrial Relations, and the Crisis of American Labor. † Industrial & Labor Relations Review. Cohen, Barney, 2004, â€Å"Urban Growth In Developing Countries: A Review Of Current Trends And A Caution Regarding Existing Forecasts†, World Development, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 23-51. Davies, Adam, 2005, â€Å"Migration, Development And Poverty. Towards And New Framework Of Impact Assessment†, Unpublished Dissertation, MSc Development Administration and Planning, Development Planning Unit, UCL, London. Dentler, Robert A. , 2002, Practicing Sociology: Selected Fields. Praeger. Harris, John R. and Michael P. Todaro, 1970, â€Å"Migration, Unemployment And Development: A Two-Sector Analysis†, The American Economic Review, Vol. 60, No. 1, pp. 126-142. Harris, Nigel, 1988, â€Å"Economic Development and Urbanization †, Habitat International, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 5-15. Harris, Nigel and Ida Fabricius (eds. ), 1996, Cities and Structural Adjustment, UCL Press, London. Hayden, Dolores, 2004, Building Suburbia: Green Fields and Urban Growth, 1820-2000. Vintage Books. Hinkle, Gisela J. , 1994, The Development of Modern Sociology: Its Nature and Growth in the United States. Random House. Kivisto, Peter, 2001, Illuminating Social Life. California: Pine Forge Press. Loomis, Charles P. , and J. Allan Beegle, 1950, Urban Social Systems: A Textbook in Urban Sociology and Anthropology. Prentice Hall. Montgomery, Mark R. et al. , 2004, Cities Transformed. Demographic Change and its Implications in the Developing World, Earthscan, London. Newman, Peter, 2006, â€Å"The Environmental Impact Of Cities†, Environment and Urbanization, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 275-295. Satterthwaite, David, 2005, â€Å"The Scale Of Urban Change Worldwide 1950-2000 And Its Underpinnings†, Human Settlements Discussion Paper Series Urban Change No. 1, IIED, London. Todaro, M. , 1981, â€Å"Rural To Urban Migration: Theory And Policy†, in Todaro, M. , Economics for a Developing World, Macmillan, London. Walls, Michael, 2004, â€Å"Facts And Figures On Rural And Urban Change†, Report to DFID, Development Planning Unit, UCL.

gel electrophoresis Essays

gel electrophoresis Essays gel electrophoresis Essay gel electrophoresis Essay Two dimensional gel cataphoresis Purification and finding of the size of the constituent can be done by SDS-PAGE Size exclusion High-Performance Liquid Chromatography MAb-46 in the 2nd phial used to place the active constituents of proteins present in the first vial. MAb-46 a monoclonal antibody ( MAb-46-1 ) specifically recognizes a 46 kDa protein. Pig or rat cerebellar membrane protein besides immunoprecipitated by MAb-46-1. Biological check in the 3rd phial used to assay these constituents by ELISA technique. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent check is a biochemical technique majorly used in immunology to descry the happening of an Ab or an Ag in a given sample. In order to place the protein sample we came up with Edman debasement technique, through which we can test what type of protein is present in that sample. After everything else we traced that our sample has four types of proteins in it. The designation of the protein sequence utilizing blast: : For comparing primary biological sequence information Basic Local Alignment Search Tool ( BLAST ) will be used. Through BLAST we can able to compare aminic acerb sequences of different proteins or bases of DNA sequences. BLAST compares the question sequence with the database in the library and it identifies the matching between them. The BLAST consequences as follows: Protein sequences bring forthing important alliance Mark E value Protective antigen precursor [ Bacillus anthracis ] 79.3 9e-14 Protective antigen [ Bacillus anthracis str. ] 79.3 9e-14 Protective antigen [ Bacillus anthracis str. ] 79.3 1e-13 Conjectural protein pxo1_110 [ Bacillus anthracis ] 79.3 1e-13 Pag protein [ Bacillus anthracis ] 79.3 1e-13 Mark: It s quantitative estimation of the similarity of aligned protein sequence or section of sequence. Scoring matrixes viz. BLOSUM62, BLAST calculates the figure or residues that are, Identical: all indistinguishable residues are given a positive mark. Substituted: all residues substituted with similar residue are given positive mark and all residues substituted with dissimilar residue are given a negative mark. Inserted or Deleted: all inserted or deleted residues are given a negative mark. Blosum62: BLOSUM62 uses all blocks whose members shared at least 62 % with any other member of that block were averaged and represented as a 1 sequence. Here is the BLOSUM62 matrix. E-value ( anticipate value ) : It s the likeliness that an alliance with the same mark or higher could be due to opportunity. Highly important vitamin E values are really near to zero. Based on the Mark and E-value we came to a decision that the sample protein is protective precursor antigen of Bacillus anthracis. Bacillus anthracis: Fig-Gram-positive splenic fever bacteriums ( violet rods ) in cerebrospinal fluid sample. The splenic fever toxin consists of three distinguishable antigenic constituents. Each of the toxins is heat stable with molecular weight of app. 80kDa. Factor I is indispensable for production of hydrops which activates the toxin. So it s called as Edema factor ( EF ) . The EF was found to be similar with Bordetella whooping cough adenylate cyclase toxin. Factor II is of import because it merely induces protective antitoxic Ab in guinea hogs. So it s called as Protective antigen ( PA ) . Anthrax toxin binds to PA sphere which will be mediated by the activation of EF and LF. Factor III is critical for deadly effects of splenic fever toxin. So it s called as Lethal factor ( LF ) . These three factors show merely antigenicity and non any important biological activity. PA+LF > deadly consequence EF+PA >production of hydrops EF+LF >inactive PA+LF+EF> consequences in hydrops and mortification production, taking to fatal. Anthrax biological terrorism: Bioterrorism was non started late. It stared in 1930 s itself when Japan used splenic fever as biological warfare agent against Manchuria. They even tested splenic fever on war captives, which resulted in human death. Anthrax was called as Agent N which was used by Alliess in universe wars. In 1942 British ground forces dropped an N-Bomb on Gruinard Island situated near the northwest seashore of Scotland. The island was to a great extent contaminated with splenic fever spores, so it was burned wholly. Subsequently in 1980 s scientist concealed it as unprotected human country. In 1944 Britain dropped 5million splenic fever infected cowss in Germany. They were called as cattle cakes . But fortuitously none of them were dead. In 1945 Germany incinerated them safely. During 1978-79 Black Nationalist war Rhodesian authorities used splenic fever as a arm against human and cowss. US kept anthrax as their arm reserve until 1972 which was later destroyed. But still research is traveling on to antagonize these biological weapons onslaughts. mentions related to Bacillus anthracis protective antigen: Anthrax by Jeanne Guillemin, university of California imperativeness, ISBN 0-520-22917-7, pg-3. Dragon, D.C ( 1999 ) . A reappraisal of splenic fever in Canada and deductions for research on the disease in northern bison . Journal of applied microbiology, pg 87-208. Man who breathed in splenic fever dies , BBC intelligence, 2 November 2008 retrieved. Anthrax Q A ; A: Sign and Symptoms . Emergency readiness and response. Centres for disease control and bar. 2003. Anthrax and Anthrax vaccine-Epidemiology and bar of vaccine-preventable diseases , National Immunization Program, Centres for Disease control and bar, January 2006. Structure of protective precursor antigen of Bacillus anthracis: Iscom: Immunostimulating complex ( ISCOM ) is an accessory with multiple accessory belongingss. They are unfastened cage-like composites with diameter of 40nm, which are made up of cholesterin, lipoids, immunizing agent and saponins. It is believed to bring forth Ab responses, which consequences in cytotoxic T lymphocytes responses. The other proteins isolated from the protein readying are Protein: Speciess: Glycoprotein 2 Ebola virus Neuraminidase Influena B virus Tetanus toxin Clostridium tetani Decision: Taking all the consequences into consideration we came to a decision that the given samples were non harmful, because they were in really little sum. But these can be used for readying of bio arm as used by Al Qaeda on USA in 2001. 2001 ANTHRAX ATTACKS: On September 18 2001, terrorists attacked USA with splenic fever. Anthrax spores were sent through mails to several intelligence media offices and two democratic US Senators, resulted in five human death and 17 infective. As similar Anthrax ; Ebola, Influenza and Tetanus were besides harmful and it may hold terrible drastic effects on worlds. Even though we are holding vaccinum but if it hits, we will be panic. So be better dismay the security systems by maintaining biohazard sensing systems in postal services and etc. Yours dependably, Saravanakumar Ravanan.

PLANNING (DB) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

PLANNING (DB) - Essay Example The next step they have done is to make use of the specific strategy and the organization uses the Porters strategy. The Porter strategy focus on the following; the Broad scope strategy which includes cost leadership strategy and the Differentiation strategy. VEHK focuses on its low cost producer in an industry for a given level of quality and for the development of a product or services that offer unique attributes that are valued by customers and that customers perceive to be better than or different from the products of the competition. As stated above one of the effective goal setting should have an agreement among the leadership on the values and beliefs that are the foundation of the strategic plan. To be able to implement a certain strategy the project manager or the one handling the said organization should have a great belief and knowledge on the strategy to be implement. In Virgin Experience Hong Kong the leadership is important since it is implementing the Porter Strategy which includes Strategy Leadership. It was also mentioned that in making goals the organization must understand the current condition both inside and outside an organization before starting the formal strategic planning. VEHK analyzes first the situation of travel market and the condition of its environment.

Putting a price on carbon is the best solution for climate change Essay

Putting a price on carbon is the best solution for climate change - Essay Example e provisions for the trading of emissions at the international scope was introduced by the Kyoto Protocol and despite the expiry of this protocol, carbon trading is set to continue (Newell, Pizer & Raimi, 2013). Underpinning the need for carbon pricing is because most countries have no costs associated with the polluting activities and sources and that currently, there are no limits to the amount of pollution that nations can discharge into the atmosphere (World Bank Group, 2014). Therefore, carbon pricing can act as the regulatory mechanism for controlling the amounts of greenhouse gas emissions from all countries around the world. Some of the most common methods for putting a price on carbon include carbon taxation and the cap-and-trade approach (Grubb, 2012). The cap-and-trade approach involves the government setting up caps on emissions from a particular pollutant, for instance CO2, from a group of pollutants like power plants while carbon tax is the fee imposed on greenhouse gas pollution especially from fossil fuels (Hood, 2013). Thus, the aim of this research is to support that statement that argues that putting price on carbon is the best solution to climate change by encouraging the adoption of cleaner energy sources that are more efficient, cost-friendly and environmentally friendly. Though carbon pricing is being focused on as the solution to climate change, critiques believe that this is an ambiguous decision by the developed countries to escape the responsibility of being the major pollutants and share the costs with other countries that emit fewer greenhouse gasses (Jenkins, 2014). Some non-governmental organisations argue that carbon pricing is creating carbon markets that will give the stakeholders the right and permit to pollute. Besides, a handful of civil societies, Carbon Trade Watch included, have on many occasions criticised the establishment of carbon markets because they barely reduce greenhouse gas emissions at their sources and this

Organizational planning Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organizational planning - Term Paper Example FedEx Corporation structure is in horizontal form (FedEx para 2). Horizontal organizational structure limits staff production, growth and development. Promotion is also limited. The company should adopt matrix organizational structure. Matrix organizational structure promotes staff growth, development. As a result of growth and development they become productive. Matrix structure facilitates employees to rise from one level to the other easily as contrasted to horizontal structure. Recommend organizational structure Structural adaptations. Each employee should be answerable to two managers, the line manager and the project manager. This will improve the company’s efficiency and effectiveness in that high production per individual staff will be realized. This is because each staff will be monitored by two managers who have different expectations. The project manager will expect various employees to deliver and achieve the targets. On the other hand the line manager expects the the employees under his/her leadership to perform effectively and meet various deadlines. The project managers and line managers should also report to departmetal managers and the vice president. The departmental managers and vice presidents should report to the president. The matrix organizational structure has got the following advantages which fit FedEx corporation. Resource coordination The recommeded matrix structure will enable the line and project managers to focus on their expertice and specialization. The line managers will focus on managing, hiring and training employees while the project managers will focus on achieving various goals in particular products. the line manager produces competent human resource through advising the human resource directorate on the skills and competencies required in a particular position. After the successful selection and hiring process the line manager orients and equips the staff with additional skills required in execution of their dutie s and responsibilities. The line manager ensures that the staff under his/her command have the necessary capacity to handle various task as expected by the company (Bryson, 2011). This can be achived through various training and development programs. On the otherhand, the project manager assigns a project to staffs. Such projects have got deadlines and threshholds targets. Projects managers ensures that the targets are achieved. This will facilitate the staff to be productive (Baligh, 2006). Specialization. Employees are placed at their functional areas by the line managers since the project superviours expects them to accomplish specific tasks under their areas of specialization. Specialization enables the employees to exercise creativity. Creativity is an avenue for creation and improvement of products and services (Galbraith, 2008). Through creation and improvement of products and services the company gains competive edge over the competitors. The improved goods ancompetitve edge d services will facilitate the company to acquire over the exsting competitoers while creation of new products and sercices will counter he new markert entrants competitors. Breadth of skill Most coporate projects are broad. Employess from different departments are expected to cordinate in completion of such tasks. Therefore, employees are in constant contact with others who have distinct skills. In efforts to complete project, a particulat

The Impact of Media on Behavior Essay Example for Free

The Impact of Media on Behavior Essay This chapter presents the background, problem statement, purpose, specific objectives, the scope and the significance of the study. This study intended to find out the relationship between parenting styles, mass media, peer pressure and the risk of teenage pregnancy among the youth using a case study of orphanage homes found in Rubaga division Kampala District 1.1: Background to the problem. Several past researchers have had interest in the relationship between parenting styles, mass media, peer pressure and the risk of teenage pregnancy among the youth in different contexts. For instance the research by Wingson (2009) was about the effects of mass media on teenager. He notes in this research that mass media has become part of everyone’s daily life. He adds that the development of technology is rapid in the world, from telegraph, radio, to TV, computer, mobile phone. He further noted that media makes the lives of the people at ease, along with Information and Communication Technologies they produce to increase the standard of living for the people to spend time. He concludes that, teenagers can easier to get mass media in computer. They can through computers to know different types of mass media that they want to have. Dr. Baumrind (1966) studied how parents responded to the needs of their children, parental responsiveness and how that determined a child’s  behavior. She also looked at how they demanded things from their children, in terms of their behavior. She used these two measures of parenting to form her seminal parenting styles theory, which would shape the voice of psychology and criminology well into the 1990’s. The research by Farinola, Donnerstein, (2001) was on sexuality and mass media. The research shows that sexual talk and displays are increasingly frequent and explicit in this mediated world. The research adds that sexual content that ranged from flirting to sexual intercourse had increased from slightly more than half of television programs in 1997-1998 to more than two-thirds of the programs in the 1999-2000 seasons, while the research of Rahaman Onike (2007) was social and health implications of teenage pregnancies. The research notes that the incidence of teenage pregnancy has become a global issue as a result of its consequence on population health, growth and development. Lastly Crystal, (1990) carried out research on the causes teenage pregnancies. His research shows that teenagers’ risky sexual behaviours are major factors which predispose them to unwanted pregnancies. He adds that non -perception of risks in their sexual behaviours and lack of adequate information about reproduction and sexual health issues are largely responsible for teenage pregnancies. The research concludes that sexual behaviours of the teenagers depend largely on societal constrictions and the level of cultural permissiveness which dictate the modes of sexual practices While much research concerning teenage pregnancy deals with either causal factors or prevention strategies, more information is needed about issues relating to parenting styles, mass media, peer pressure and the risk of teenage pregnancies. All these past researchers isolated the above relationship a gap the proposed study intends to fill. All in all, with the above theoretical and contextual gaps raised, a study of the relationship between parenting styles, mass media, peer pressure and the risk of teenage pregnancies is not only timely but also long overdue. In the context of this study, parenting style is seen as a psychological construct representing standard strategies that parents use bin their child rearing. There are many different theories and opinions on the best ways to rear, children, as well as differing levels of time and effort that parents are willing to invest (Wikipedea 2010). Many parents create their own styles from a combination of factors, and these may evolve overtime as the children develop their own personalities and move through life stages. A parenting style is affected by both the parents’ and children’s temperaments, and is largely based on the influence one’s parents and culture. However, for the purposes of this study, parenting style will be understood to refer to the way parents bring about their children. It will include the things that parents do to impart discipline and good behaviors in their children as accepted in the context of Uganda. According to Wikipedea (2008), mass media denotes a section of the media specifically designed to reach a large audience. The term was coined in the 1920s with the advent of nation wide radio networks, mass circulation of newspapers and magazines. However for the purposes of this research mass media will be used to mean news papers, magazines, radio stations and television programs related to issues of teenagers. In the context of this study, teenage pregnancy can be described as the pregnancy that occurs to the females between 13 – 19 years. This is more prevalent in Africa than other continents of the world. Akindele Oscar (1999) also defines teenage pregnancy as conception by children who are below the age of 21 resulting from either marital or pre-marital sex. Peer pressure refers top the influence exerted by a peer group in encouraging a person to change his or her attitude, values or behavior in order to conform to group norms Akindele Oscar (1999) 1.2: Statement of the Problem. According to Barnaba A (1998), youth peer pressure is one of the most frequently referred to forms of peer pressure. It is particularly common pressure because most young people spend large amounts of time in fixed  groups such as schools and sub-groups within them regardless of their opinion of those groups Meier (2008). In addition to this, they may lack the maturity to handle pressure from friends. Also, young people are more willing to behave negatively towards those who are not members of their own peer groups and relief from stress. They need to better understand their condition and choices for care. However, this is not the case for teenagers in most cases most vulnerable persons do not receive good parenting and in most cases they are more exposed to information without restriction. As a result most of the teenagers engage in more risky sexual behaviors they see in the magazines, in the news papers and on television. It is for this reason that this study sets out to investigate the relationship between parenting styles, mass media peer pressure and the risk of teenage pregnancies in Rubaga Kampala District 1.3:Purpose of the study The purpose of the study will be to establish the relationship to investigate the relationship between parenting styles, mass media peer pressure and the risk of teenage pregnancies in Rubaga Kampala District. 1.4:Objectives of the study 1.To establish the relationship between parenting styles and teenage pregnancies 2.To establish the relationship between mass media and teenage pregnancies. 3.To establish the relationship between peer pressure and teenage pregnancies. I.5:Research questions 1.How do parenting styles contribute to the risk of teenage pregnancies? 2.What is the contribution of mass media on the risk of teenage pregnancies? 3.How does peer pressure contribute to teenage pregnancies? 1.6:Scope of the study The study will be conducted in five selected orphanage homes found in Rubaga division of Kampala. Rubaga Division has five orphanage homes namely Sanyu Babies home, Nalukolongo, Hope Orphanage Home, Wakhissa Ministries, Cobap Nakulabye Project. Rubaga Division is selected because of its location in the heart of Kampala district and being a division with many community based  organizations. The content scope of the study will be based on the relationship between parenting styles, mass media, peer pressure and the risk of teenage pregnancies. 1.7:Significance of the study The findings of the study could be of value to Rubaga division residents because the research will help them identify strategies which can work for them as regards combating teenage pregnancies. To future researchers, the results of the study may support future researchers in having a basis for comparison of parenting styles and teenage pregnancies. Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) could find the study useful because it would enable them lobby policy makers and government to provide appropriate community services as regards the youth. To the youth, the results of the study will help them on knowing the best strategies of avoiding teenage pregnancies. Media houses may find it useful as it may help them in choosing the best programs for the youth. 1.8:Conceptual Frame work Fig 1: A conceptual framework showing the relationship between parenting styles, mass media, peer pressure and the risk of teenage pregnancies among the youth. The conceptual framework shows that parenting styles mass media influence and peer pressure have got an impact on the youth that in turn make the youth prone to pregnancies. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0:Introduction Teenage pregnancy has become a growing concern nowadays and hence it has become imperative to look into the various causes of teenage pregnancy in  order to deal with this issue carefully. Teenage pregnancies are widely discouraged because the of health risks they raise for the young mothers and their babies. This problem is more prevalent in developed countries, particularly USA. As the name itself indicates, teenage pregnancy refers to pregnancy in young girls, mostly aged 13 to 17 years. Pregnancy at such a tender age is primarily due to lack of sex education. Lack of awareness about the causes and effects of teenage pregnancy is more often than not, a result of lack of proper communication between teenagers and their parents. Therefore, it is the duty of the parents to impart adequate sex education and education regarding reproductive health to their adolescent sons and daughters so that their children become aware of the various aspects related teenage sex and pregnancy. Schools and society also need to emphasize the risk factors associated with unprotected sex as well as the outcomes of unplanned teenage pregnancy, not to mention the significance of moral and ethical values. Lack of sex education is the most important but not the only cause of teenage pregnancy. Following are some other teenage pregnancy causes that can not be ignored. Teenage pregnancies create a host of other problems like incomplete education, unemployment, poverty, social embarrassment and numerous other emotional traumas. Further, early motherhood also affects the psychological development of the child adversely. Besides, bodies of teenage girls are not as developed as those of adult women in terms of childbearing, therefore they are likely to face certain complications as well. Moreover, the chances of maternal death can not be ruled out. Therefore, analyzing the various causes of teenage pregnancy can help a great deal in addressing this issue effectively and eventually reduc ing the cases of teenage pregnancies. 2.1:Parenting styles and the risk of teenage Pregnancy among the youth Despite what teens may say, their parents do play a critical role in determining what influences them. In many ways, parental behavior and the nature of the parent/teen relationship influences a teens decision to smoke, take drugs, become sexually active, and use contraception. Parental behavior can also affect teenagers choices to join a gang or participate in criminal activity. As a parent, you play a vital role in helping your child avoid risky behaviors. Actively listening to what your teen has to say will pave the way for conversations about topics that concern you, but setting harsh, unbending  rules may only drive your teen toward negative choices. If parents have a dominating parenting style and arent knowledgeable about their teens activities and interests, it is more likely that their teen will engage in risky behaviors. On the other hand, teens who report feeling connected to their parents are the least likely to engage in risky behaviors. Obviously, the reason at the base of any pregnancy is sexual intercourse. But several researchers would like to know why the phenomenon of teenage pregnancy is so widespread. The easiest answer is making an analysis of the relationship between parenting styles and the sexual behaviors that cause teenage pregnancies among the youth. Parents employ several strategies to influence the sexual behavior of their adolescent children. Parenting styles, parental communication and expectation and role modeling have an impact on the likelihood of teenage pregnancy. The influence of parenting strategies on teenage pregnancy is similar for male and female youth because pregnancy comes as a result of sexual intercourse between the two. Therefore teen pregnancy prevention programs should emphasize helping parents develop effective discipline coupled with warmth and support and high educational expectations. Research has shown that one of the causes of teenage pregnancy is the lack of a sense of personal responsibility for their own actions, lack of maturity, and most importantly a lack of knowledge regarding sexual intercourse and contraception. Related to this, teen pregnancy is often closely associated with poverty, limited education and employment opportunities. 52% of teenagers admit not understanding sex or birth control and this is a reflection of one of the most fundamental causes of teenage pregnancy, ignorance. Indeed, teens in North America, especially girls, are bombarded with mixed messages concerning intercourse. Sex is seen as immediate gratification with no consequences, but preparing for sex makes a girl promiscuous. Sex is seen all over the television and in videos, but equal treatment for birth control methods is completely absent. Open discussions about intercourse are very rare. If an adolescent girl experiences low expectations for her future or lack of control over her life, she is more likely to get pregnant. Depression in general is another one of the causes of teenage pregnancy, leading girls to engage in risky sexual activity. Abuse of alcohol or drugs also leads to poor choices about sex and contraception, often ending up in pregnancy. Growing up in a family  without an adequate amount of love or a father figure may also be one of the causes of teenage pregnancy; an adolescent girl will fall prey to the attentions of an older man in the hopes of receiving affection. Most girls are pressured by their boyfriends into having intercourse because they believe this will make their b oyfriends love them more. There is a relationship between teenage pregnancy, sexual behavior, and family type. Students from lone parent and/or teenage mother initiate families more commonly report sex, lack of contraception at first sex, and/or conceptions by age 15/16, and such associations can be explained by low parental strictness, difficult parent-child communication, and/or low parental input into sex education. Girls and boys from lone parent families or having mothers who are teenagers when they were born are more likely to report sex but not lack of contraception at first sex by age 15/16. Girls and boys with mothers having them as teenagers, and boys but not girls from lone parent families, are more likely to report being involved in conceptions by age 15/16. Teens say their parents influence their decisions about sexual activity more than any other source, according to a survey conducted by the National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy. Also, when asked where they learned the most about preventing teen pregnancy, more teens said parents than friends or the media. Most studies show that the risk of teen pregnancy is reduced by open communication with parents, sharing of family values, and parental involvement in teens lives. Teenagers are less likely to start having sex when their mothers are deeply involved in their lives and successfully communicate their values on sex. Research has shown that stressing abstinence to teens is best, but also talking to them about contraception is not viewed as a mixed message by 70% of adults and by 80% of teens. Boys may be more influenced by fathers, siblings and peers on their decision to have intercourse. In a loving, supportive, and open way, parents need to communicate their feelings on premarital sex clearly to their teen in order to help their teen make important decisions regarding sex. The absence of positive family interaction and parental support, such as emotional support, closeness, and communication, can lead to a wide variety of risky behaviors among teens. Parents need to talk to their teens, consistently set rules and expectations for their teens behavior, and monitor what their teen does. Parents can support positive peer  relationships by giving their teenagers their love, time, boundaries, and encouragement to think for themselves. Previous research has attributed a girls increased risk of pregnancy to the possible consequences of a father leaving lower family income, conflict at home and weak parental monitoring. Girls whose fathers left either before they were born or up to age 5 were seven to eight times more at risk of becoming pregnant as an adolescent than girls living with their fathers. A fathers departure between ages 6 to13 suggested a two to three times greater risk of becoming pregnant. Having no father usually means less household income and a greater chance of other disadvantages, such as domestic violence or a depressed mother. Sometimes parents need help talking to their children about such difficult topics as teenage sexuality and pregnancy prevention. Teenage pregnancy prevention must be a way of life and a natural and integral way of thinking for children as the actions that lead to or away from teenage pregnancy lies squarely, and at the end of the day, solely with their teenage children. Children will be greatly influenced by the parental example that has been given them to follow is clear, but they will have to decide for themselves what actions they will take in any given circumstance. Sometimes parents need help talking to their children about such difficult topics as teenage sexuality and pregnancy prevention. Teenage pregnancy prevention must be a way of life and a natural and integral way of thinking for children as the actions that lead to or away fr om teenage pregnancy lies squarely, and at the end of the day, solely with their teenage children. Children will be greatly influenced by the parental example that has been given them to follow is clear, but they will have to decide for themselves what actions they will take in any given circumstance. A child who can openly and honestly speak with their Parents about anything and everything literally has the greatest single gift, and the largest possible safety net, a Parent can provide to their child. Children need to know how Parents feel about sex. They need to know the reasons for and against engaging in sexual behaviors and the possible consequences regarding each course of action. Discuss your views about sex and its proper time and place in a healthy and happy life. Parents should just start talking and see where the conversation takes them. Children are taught in school the importance of safe sex and the use of condoms to prevent an unwanted pregnancy and/or sexually transmitted  diseases, including AIDS. Parents should ensure their children understand these issues even if the plan is for their children to not be sexually active at this time in their lives. Having a clear understanding of safe sex practices can prevent a teenage issue that leads to sex from being a larger and more damaging issue than it has to be. Parents need to know who their children are spending time with. They should get to know their children’s friends and their friend’s family. Friends who share common thoughts and beliefs are more likely to support children in wholesome and proper activities. In the parenting style taken up by the parents, there should be clear family rules regarding the age at which our children can start dating, and those first dates should be group events engaged in wholesome activities. Parents should also realize that the risk of teenage pregnancy increases dramatically when girls date boys who are 1 to 3 years older than they are. Parents who can help their children see a bright future are the same Parents who are helping the cause of teenage pregnancy prevention. The chances of teenager delaying sexual activity are greatly increased if their futures appear bright, they have goals for their future, and they can see how proper behavior and correct actions will help them get to where they want to go in life. Teenagers who are active and successful in school are more likely to have a clear vision for their future, and hence avoid behavior that could put at risk the future they want to achieve. Parents should help their children to believe in themselves, to have a healthy self-image and positive self-esteem and enjoy a solid vision for their happy tomorrows. Parents should help teenagers to see that their choices of today will directly affect their tomorrows. Having that clear vision of a bright and hopeful future makes teenage pregnancy prevention a logical and welcome avenue to the future life our children desire so desperately to enjoy. Some parents help children know their parts and to learn their lines well, so that when the action scenes of their lives are lived they can be the hero of their own stories and avoid the heart ache scenes that don’t have to be a part of their productions. 2.2:Mass media and the risk of teenage pregnancies among the youth. Mass media is designed to reach large audiences with technology. Its purpose is meant to give us entertainment and information we need to act as a society. Media is everywhere; there is no escaping from it. Almost every home in urban areas has at least one TV, the  internet, and a cell phone. There are more forms of media available today than ever before; consequently, teens are exposed to a lot of information. The media is supposed to portray what is normal; therefore, it affects what society considers normal. Teens are much more impressionable then adults. What the media tells them is normal affects them more. The media’s portrayal of body image affects teens negatively through using stereotypes, encouraging sexual behavior, and promoting unnecessary products. The media portrays single parent homes, teen pregnancy, and the social issue that America faces in a positive light. Music Television (MTV) has several shows which portray teen pregnancy as a positive attribute of life: Teen Mom and 16 and Pregnant. Teen Mom is an American reality television series that premiered on MTV on December 8, 2009. The perceived sensitivity of sex as a research topic and a focus on television t o the exclusion of other media unfortunately has restricted the kind of research that has been done. Much of the empirical work has been analyses of content that allow only speculation about what effects the content might have on audiences. But an emerging set of studies that go beyond content to address how audiences select, interpret, and apply sexual content suggests that the media may play an important role, especially for young people Steele, (1999). The mass media are an increasingly accessible way for people to learn about and see sexual behavior Wikipedea, (2010). The media may be especially important for young people as they are developing their own sexual beliefs and patterns of behavior and as parents and schools remain reluctant to discuss sexual topics Roberts, (2000). In the United States, young people spend 6 to 7 hours each day on average with some form of media. A national survey in 1999 found that one third of young children (2 to 7 years old) and two thirds of older children and adolescents (8 to 18 years old) have a television in their own bedroom. Many of those televisions also are hooked up to cable and a Videocassette Recorder (VCR) (Roberts, 2000). Sexual talk and displays are increasingly frequent and explicit in this mediated world. One content analysis found that sexual content that ranged from flirting to sexual intercourse had increased from slightly more than half of television programs in 1997-1998 to more than two-thirds of the programs in the 1999-2000 season. Depiction of intercourse (suggestive or explicit) occurred in one of every 10 programs (Kunkel, Cope-Farrar, Biely, Farinola,   Donnerstein, 2001). Many teens admit that sexualized content in film, television and music helps influence them to engage in sexual activity before they are ready. One fifth to one half of music videos, depending on the music genre for example country, rock, rap portray sexuality or eroticism DuRant et al., (1997). Two thirds of Hollywood movies made each year are R-rated; most young people have seen these movies long before they are the required 16 years old Greenberg et al., (1993). Although teen girls and womens magazines, such as Seventeen and Glamour have increased their coverage of sexual health issues over the past decade, the majority of advertising and editorial content in these magazines remains focused on what girls and women should do to get and keep their man Walsh-Childers, Gotthoffer, Lepre, ( 2002). The Internet has increased dramatically the availability of sexually explicit content. Computer and Internet use is diffusing more rapidly than any previous technology; as of the end of 1999, more than half (56%) of all adults in the United States were online. It is expected that by 2010 most U.S. homes with children will have access to the Internet Taylor, (1999). The word sex is the most popular search term used on the internet today Cyber Atlas, (2001). The internet may have both positive and negative effects on sexual health. According to one national survey of young people (10-17 years old) who regularly used the internet, one out of four said he or she had encountered unwanted pornography in the past year, and one out of five had been exposed to unwanted sexual solicitations or approaches Finkelhor, Mitchell, Wolak, (2000). At the same time, a number of sites, such as the American Social Health Associations iwannaknow.org, promote healthy sexual behavior and provide young people with advice on communication in relationships as well as methods for protecting against sexually transmitted diseases. Despite increasing public concern about the potential health risks of early, unprotected sexual activity, most of the mass media rarely depict three Cs of responsible sexual behavior: Commitment, Contraceptives, and consideration of Consequences. Although more than half of the couples who engage in sexual intercourse on television are in an established relationship, 1 in 10 are couples who have met only recently; one quarter do not maintain a relationship after having sex Kunkel et al., ( 2001). Only about 1 in 10 of the programs on television that include sexual content  mentions the possible consequences or the need to use contraceptives or protection against STDs. Unintended pregnancies rarely are shown as the outcome of unprotected sex, and STDs other than HIV/AIDS are almost never discussed Kunkel et al., (2001). Abortion is a taboo topic, too controversial for commercial television and magazines Walsh-Childers et al., (2002). The urge to have sex and get pregnancy is now stronger because of the fact that one has an encounter with media. There are teenagers who are getting pregnant just to be on these reality television shows.Teen sexuality is influenced by the mass media today more than any other time in history. Internet, television, music video and sexually explicit lyrics all contribute to adolescents’ attitudes and behavior concerning sexual activity. Only 9% of the sex scenes on 1,300 of cable network programming discusses and deals with the negative cons equences of sexual behavior. The Internet and the anonymity therein allow adolescents real concerns relating to false information on health issues, sexuality, and sexual violence in the world of intimate sexual relationships. In 2006, a survey conducted by The Observer in Britain showed that most adolescents in Britain were waiting longer to have sexual intercourse than they were only a few years earlier. In 2002, 32% of teens were having sex before the age of 16; in 2006 it was only 20%. The average age a teen lost his/her virginity was 17.13 years in 2002; in 2006, it was 17.44 years on average for girls and 18.06 for boys. The most notable drop among teens who reported having sex was 14 and 15 year olds. One group of Canadian researchers found a relationship between self esteem and sexual activity. They found that students, especially girls, who were verbally abused by teachers or rejected by their peers, were more likely than other students to engage in sex by the end of the Grade 7. The researchers speculate that low self esteem increases the likelihood of sexual activity: low self-esteem seemed to explain the link between peer rejection and early sex. Girls with a poor self-image may see sex as a way to become popular, according to the researchers. 2.3:Peer Pressure and the risk of teenage Pregnancy among the youth The incidence of teenage pregnancy in relationship with peer pressure has become a global issue as a result of its consequence on population health, growth and development. It is undoubtedly a worldwide concern since the Cairo  international conference on population and development held in 1994 has raised it as an issue among others. Teenagers are children who fall within the chronological age of twelve to nineteen years. Teen, of course, is a period when a child begins to develop secondary sexual characteristics, started to assume higher social responsibilities and started to express sexual feelings and desires. This is a delicate period in the life of the children for all physical changes have great impacts on the psychological functioning of the child. Teenagers’ risky sexual behaviours are major factors which predispose them to unwanted pregnancies. Non perception of risks in their sexual behaviours and lack of adequate information about reproduction and sexual health issues are largely responsible for teenage pregnancies. Sexual behaviours of the teenagers depend largely on societal constrictions and the level of cultural permissiveness which dictate the modes of sexual practices (Crystal, 1990). Biological determinants, socialization agents such as family, peers, religious institutions and mass media have powerful repressive effects on teenagers’ sexual behaviours. An adolescent female in need of money is likely to be tempted to engage in pre-marital sex by friends who come from rich families or those that use sexual activity to get money and this could result into incident of unwanted teenage pregnancy. Students whose parents are low income earners face the higher risk of engaging in pre-marital sex and this could eventually lead to teenage pregnancy and increase in drop out rate of school. Lack of adequate knowledge of sexuality education accounts for increase in teenage pregnancies. This is because; information about sex is got from peers who may also be less knowledgeable. Knowledge of sexuality education is essential to the development of right sexual attitudes and behaviours. When adequate and accurate information are not available, many teenage students would accept miss-information for truth. Peer group influence is another factor that predisposes teenagers to early and unwanted pregnancies. According to the result of the study conducted by Oladepo and Akintayo (2001), peer group influence was ranked first among the causes of teenage pregnancies. Free mixing of the opposite sex also linked with prevalence of teenage pregnancies. Akinboye (1982) in his contribution states that unrestricted interactions and social activities regularly involving male and female adolescents tend to create an atmosphere for inter-personal  affection, love and even result into sexual activities. Peer influence on the youth sometimes is related to going out or visiting different places where one may learn risky behaviours. Watching sexual stimulating magazines and movies may expose the teenagers to early sexual life and unwanted pregnancies. Participating in nude festivals and watching of pornographic films and images on the internet are also risk factors. Family instability and disorganisation which may be caused by poverty, lack of mutual trust and understanding between parents may cause child neglect and consequently could result into teenage pregnancy and increase in drop out rate of the school. Legalization of abortion and early exposure to sexual life can cause teenage pregnancy. According to the report of a study conducted in Nigeria by Nicholas in 1986, he found out that 24.4 per cent of the girls by the age of 15 years have had sexual intercourse, 63 per cent by 18 years while half of the Nigerian females have become mothers before the age of 20 years. Peer influence is also directly and indirectly related to pre-mature drop out of school which is also a factor which predisposes female students to fall a victim of teenage pregnancy. The drop-out female students after leaving the school due to one reason or the other find it difficult to cope with life; so, took to hawking and in the process may get impregnated. In this case friends may influence one to get married or to join businesses. CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.0:Introduction This chapter presents the research design, population, sampling strategies, data collection methods, data collection instruments, data quality control, data collection procedure and data analysis that will be used in the study. 3.1:Research design The study will use an explanatory survey design that will be quantitative and descriptive in nature. This design was chosen because it can appropriately investigate the relationship between parenting styles, mass media, peer  pressure and the risk of teenage pregnancy among the youth in orphanage homes in Rubaga Division of Kampala District. Orphanage homes are chosen because, in most cases these are the places where the children who are victims of unwanted pregnancies are taken for care. 3.2:Area of study The study will be conducted in Rubaga Division in Nakulabye Parish that is COBAP Nakulabye, Nalukolongo Orphanage home, Sanyu Babies home in Namirembe Bakuli Parish, Hope Orphanage home and Wakhissa Ministries in Bakuli. Five orphanage homes will be randomly selected as they are the only orphanage homes available in the area of study. The researcher will also go to 3 radio stations in the area of study that is Super FM, Central Broadcasting Service and Ssuubi FM. 3.3:Study population The study will involve 60 care providers and employees of the orphanage homes at least 12 from each of the selected orphanage homes. 15 employees of radio stations in the area of study will also be used to answer questionnaires. At least 5 employees from each radio station that is Super FM, Central Broadcasting Service and Ssuubi FM. The researcher will target presenters of those programs related to the topic of study. Children from the orphanage homes are left out because in most cases they are young and below 18. The researchers may even seek for secondary data from the records available. Questionnaires will be used for they are to bring out concerns and needs of the target population in relation to the care providers and children under care. The care providers are chosen because they are in direct administration of the affairs regarding the children and they are equipped with information about unwanted pregnancies 3.4:Data collection The main instruments for data collection were interview guides and questionnaires. Questionnaires will be administered to collect data about the relationship between parenting styles, mass media, peer pressure and the risk of teenage pregnancy among the youth in orphanage homes in Rubaga  Division of Kampala District. 3.5:Procedure and data collection The researcher obtained an introduction letter from the department of Mental Health and Community Psychology from her supervisor. The researcher then will approached the administrators of the five orphanage homes and the three radio stations and introduced herself with the help of the letter. The researcher then will ask for permission to conduct research in these organizations and their areas of operation. The different respondents, service providers are to be requested to consent before the questionnaire is administered on to them. Informed consent will sought after the respondents are assured that the research findings are to be treated as confidential. 3.5:Data analysis Data collected will be edited, categorized or coded and organized in themes and there after it will be analyzed in line with the objectives set at the beginning of the study. For the quantitative data, tally method will be used manually, similar responses will be grouped together to ascertain the number and percentage of respondents who came up with similar views. For qualitative data, views and opinions of respondents will grouped, analyzed and established if they have a bearing on the relationship between parenting styles, mass media, peer pressure and the risk of teenage pregnancy among the youth. All this will be done by use of frequency tables and tabulations at the level of report writing and presentation. 3.6:Limitations of the study 1Willingness of the organization management to allow the researcher to use the premises during the research period. This is because sometimes information broadcasted is kept confidential and people are keen on exposure. 2The results of the study may depend on some respondents’ willingness to answer the asked questions 3Literature available about the subject may be limited and difficult to access. 3.7:Ethical considerations Informed consent will be sought after the respondents are assured that the  research findings are to be treated as confidential. Participation in the study will be voluntary and individuals will be free to participate or not to participate even withdrawing from the study will be accepted. Since there is a lot of stigma attached to unwanted teenage pregnancy, only individuals who are willing to disclose will be studied. 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